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runyararo rusingaperi mubumbiro remitemo

2 December      Wedzero

Mutemo weMuenzaniso paChiyero cheRunyararo Rusingagumi (Chinyorwa) 

Nhanganyaya

      Dambudziko guru kwatiri isu vanhu nderekuti hapana chiitiko chenhoroondo chekutevera nzira yerunyararo . Zvakadaro, ishuviro yedu kupa mutemo uyu wekudhirowa uye kuita mupiro kurunyararo rwepasirese.

Chikamu I Tsanangudzo

1. Nzvimbo inokosha: Mutemo weMuenzaniso wakaita muchidimbu mutemo wemarudzi.

2. Pfungwa inokosha: Nyika Imwe, bumbiro rimwe remitemo.

3. Hunhu hwakakosha: ISO-oriented Model Law

Chikamu II General  p rovisions

1. Zvisungo zvebumbiro padanho renyika: sezita renyika, nharaunda, mureza wenyika, nyika, nezvimwe. (zvakasiiwa)

2. Zvisungo zvebumbiro padanho renyika: sezita nemureza wenyika, purovhinzi, dunhu, nekanzuru. (yasiiwa)

3. Zvimwe zvacho ndezvezvipimo zvakajairwa kana misimboti yakajairwa uye zvinowanzotemwa nedare guru padanho rega rega riri pamusoro. (yasiiwa)

Chikamu III Zvigadziro uye kushanda

1. NeChata yeUN, hurongwa hwekutonga pasi rose, mutemo wechisikigo, mutemo wenyika dzakawanda, uye kuzvisarudzira, Bumbiro reMitemo rinoshandiswa nokuzvidira pakumhanya kwakasiyana padanho repamusoro repasi rose (international public juristic persons), danho renyika (ruzhinji rwenyika vanhu vezvemitemo), uye danho repasi rose (vanozvitonga vehurumende vanhu vematunhu, mapurovhinzi, matunhu nemanisiparati).

2. Kana chipi nechipi cheMitemo yeBumbiro reMitemo iyi, kana kushandiswa kwacho kune chero danho renyika, sangano, munhu, kana mamiriro ezvinhu zvikaitwa kuti hazvisi kushanda, chikamu chasara cheBumbiro reMitemo uye kushandiswa kwechiga ichi kune chero munhu upi zvake kana mamiriro ezvinhu hazvizoitirwi. kukanganiswa nazvo.

(1) Supranational level (hurumende yeUnited Nations, zvichingodaro): Tevedzera charter yesangano usingatyore misimboti yeModel Law paEternal Peace Standard , uye kukanganisa misimboti yekufarira zviri pamutemo kune chero munhu kana boka.

(2) Nhanho yenyika (nhengo zana nemakumi mapfumbamwe nenhatu dzeUN, zvichingodaro): Mutengo weBumbiro reMitemo unoshanda zvakananga, zvinobudirira, uye zvinoenderana nenyika chero ipi zvayo. Inogona kuwedzerwa nekugadziridzwa, kana chikamu chayo chinogona kusaitwa kwenguva pfupi. Asi musimboti wemamiriro ari pamusoro apa ndewekuti haafanire kuderedza kana kukuvadza kushanda kwakakwana kwerunyararo rusingaperi [1] .

[1] . Maitiro ekushanda kwechata uye maitiro ekutonga eInternational Standards Organisation anodyidzana nekutora loop-based system.

(3) Sub-nyika nhanho ye(nyika, matunhu, matunhu, manipala, marepublic emubatanidzwa, zvichingodaro): Kunze kwezvinhu zvakanangana nedanho renyika, senge Constitutional Standard §15 uye §18, mamwe ese misimboti inogona kuitwa. inoshanda zvakananga uye inoshanda zvizere.

3. Kodzero dzakasiyana-siyana mukati mechikamu chakanyorwa muMitemo yeBumbiro reMitemo haizotorwa sokuramba kana kudzima dzimwe kodzero dzine vanhu (Constitutional Standard §13 uye §14). Pazvikamu zvisingamisiki zvizere mirau uye kuita mirau inorambidza, maitirwo azvo anotsanangurwa nemutemo webumbiro, zviito zvebumbiro, mutemo wesangano, kana nemutemo.

4. Mitemo yose kana kuti tsika dzinosanganisira hukuru hwezvikamu zveMitemo yeBumbiro reMitemo zvinosungirwa nezvikamu zveBumbiro reMitemo. Kuvandudzwa kweBumbiro reMitemo hakuzogadzirwe kune chero chinhu chinosanganisira hwaro pakavakirwa musimboti werunyararo rwepasi rose kana rwenyika (mhando mbiri dzekuda uye  mitemo makumi maviri nemasere yesainzi ).

5. Mutengo weBumbiro reM itemo ndiwo musimboti wemutemo wekutanga wemasangano ese epamusoro penyika, enyika uye nepasi penyika. Aya anotevera anotungamira clauses, chengetedzo clause, uye entrustment clauses ndiyo yakananga uye inoshanda yepamusoro mitemo inosunga matare emutemo, ekutonga, uye ekutonga.

Mhando mbiri dzezvido zvekuda

1. Rugare rusingagumi kuvanhu. Nemutemo wechisikigo uye mutemo wepasi rose semutemo waamai, kusimudzira Bumbiro reMitemo kune ISO-oriented Model Law, kubatanidza utongi hwemutemo, uye kugadzira mutemo usingagumi une runyararo.

2. Kubudirira kwepasi. Tora solar system neUN sehurongwa hunoshanda, kusimudzira mitemo yehurumende kuti ive ISO-inotungamirwa Model Law, kudzamisa hutongi hwepasirese, nekugadzira budiriro huru yebudiriro.

Makumi maviri nemasere kodzero dzevanhu / mitemo yesainzi

Title  1 Kodzero nezvisungo zvevanhu 

Chitsauko 1 Rugare rusingagumi mwero werusununguko

Chisungo chekutanga Nyika yakavakirwa parusununguko [1 st Mutemo weRugare Rusingagumi]

Kukura kukuru kworusununguko rwomunhu . Isa nyika senyika huru ine mitemo yerusununguko [2] , uye mapurovhinzi nemanisiparati semienzaniso mikuru yerusununguko [3] . Chiremerera chevanhu uye rusununguko hazvikanganisike. Vanhu ndivo vatenzi vokuzvarwa vepasi nenyika, uye nyaya dzakananga dzemutemo wepasi rose nebumbiro remutemo [4] . Vagari venharaunda vane simba rinomiririra [5] pasina zvisungo uye zvakakwana. Kuburikidza nesarudzo dzenguva dzose dzinoitwa nevanhu chete ndipo panogona kugadzirwa hurumende iri pamutemo. Nekupika chete kutevedzera mutemo wepasirese nekuvimbika kunogona kuve nesimba rehurumende riri pamutemo [6]kugadzirwa.

[2] . Chinangwa chechokwadi chehurumende rusununguko. "Chinangwa chikuru chehurumende hachisi chekutonga, kana kudzora, nekutya, ... kusimbisa kodzero yake yepanyama yekuvapo uye kushanda pasina kukuvara kwaari kana kune vamwe." (Baruch Spinoza, muzivi wechiDutch)

[3] . MusiwaKurume 21. 2005, Kofi Annan, Munyori Mukuru wechinomwe weUN, akabatanidza Rusununguko kubva pakutya mumushumo “Murusununguko rwakakura: kuenda kubudiriro, chengetedzo uye kodzero dzevanhu vose” segwara rezviedza zvenguva yemberi. UN.

[4] .“Nzvimbo huru yemutemo wepasi rose ndicho chikonzero chikuru chekukodzera kwemirau yemutemo yenyika.” (Hans Kelsen, General Theory yeMutemo uye Nyika)

[5] .“Simba rekugadzira bumbiro harisi pasi pe'mutemo', asi rinobva mu'kumanikidza', iyo inotema kuti nyika irepublic here kana kuti umambo, uye inosarudza kana hurumende iine democracy kana udzvinyiriri." (Lin Chi-dong, Mutongi weRepublic of China)

[6] . Bumbiro remutemo mubatanidzwa wevanhu, misimboti yenyika, zvido zvevanhu, uye kodzero yehabeas corpus. Simba nekuvandudzwa kwebumbiro remitemo zvinodzokera kuvanhu zvisina zvisungo. Vanhu ndivo vatungamiri vemweya yavo; vanhu vanodzora magumo avo, magumo emhuri, uye nyika.

Chisungo chechipiri Shanduko yerusununguko [2 Mutemo weRugare Rusingaperi]

Zvinorambidzwa zvachose kuti mapato ezvematongerwo enyika, vezvematongerwo enyika, vezvenhau, zvikwata zvematsotsi nevane masimba vaite zvakaipa kutonga nyika. Ese mawired/wireless nhepfenyuro ma frequency ndeawo vagari vese. Vhiki yega yega, chiteshi cheTV chega chega chinofanira kupa  maminetsi makumi matatu ebasa mahara, uye  meseji pfupi kuburikidza neindaneti mahara, kune vatori vezvematongerwo enyika kuti vashande zvakasununguka [7] . Rimwe nerimwe remapato mapfumbamwe makuru ane nhepfenyuro yenyika mahara. Nhepfenyuro dzepanzvimbo dzeterevhizheni, nhepfenyuro, nedzimwe nhepfenyuro dzinofanirwa kubatwa nezviga zvataurwa pamusoro penyika. Ita zvose zvaunogona kuti munhu ari wose ari pasi pano agone kugamuchira nhau dzourombo, hosha, kusvibiswa, hondo, dzidzo yemitemo yenyika yose, uye dzimwe nhau dzinobva kuUN.

[7] . Vhiki yega yega gore rose, maminetsi makumi matatu eTV uye meseji pfupi painternet, ine mitemo yekuteedzera zvinoenderana ne "kubudirira kwezvipimo III" ichatemwa nezviito zvakasiyana.

Chisungo 3 Kuvhura rusununguko [3 rd Mutemo weRugare Rusingagumi]

Rusununguko ndirwo hwaro hwese hwekusimudzira runyararo. Sarudzo chinhu chinodiwa chedzidzo yepamusoro [8] , kugovera, nhaurirano, kubatana, kubvumirana, uye kutonga [9] . Gore rega rega, kuwanda kwekuvhota hakufanire kudarika kweSwitzerland [10] kana California [11] , US iyo ine mari yepamusoro pamunhu. Kusimudzira mudzimu wenyika, munhu wose anogona kupa kutamba kwakazara kumatarenda avo. Vari pamudyandigere vanozvipira kukwikwidza zvigaro zvehurumende pasina muripo vachawana imwezve 30% yehuwandu hwemavhoti avanohwina.

[8] .“Inotevera pakukosha kurusununguko uye kururamisira idzidzo yakakurumbira, isina rusununguko kana kururamisira zvingachengetedzwa zvachose. (James A. Garfield, Mutungamiriri weUS)

[9] . Hutongi hwejekerere ndehwekuparadzira marwadzo ehurombo kune avo vari kutonga kuburikidza nemavhoti esarudzo kana kudzoreredza sarudzo. (Amartya Sen, Mubairo weNobel muEconomic Sayenzi)

[10] Pakati penyika dzine vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni masere, Switzerland ine mari yepamusoro-soro pamunhu pasi rose mumakore zana, ine avhareji yemavhoti esarudzo 5.41 pagore, pamwe neavhareji yemareferendamu 3.82 pagore (kubvisa kupindirana. mazuva), yakaenzana neavhareji ye9.23 pagore.

[11] Pakati pemasangano anozvitonga emunyika huru dzine huwandu hwevanhu vanopfuura mamirioni makumi mana, zvichitora California, US semuenzaniso, mari yainowana pamunhu ndiyo yepamusoro, uye vagari vayo vanoenda kunzvimbo dzekuvhotera kunovhota ka11paavhareji pagore. (kubva mudura remubatanidzwa wedu)

Chisungo chechina Kudzivirirwa kwerusununguko [ 4th Mutemo weRugare Rusingagumi]

Kugarisana kwekodzero uye zvisungo, kuparadzana kwakakwana kwezvematongerwo enyika nechitendero [12] . Vanhu vanosungirwa kuita basa rechiuto, basa regutsaruzhinji, basa rerunyararo, kubhadhara mutero, zvichingodaro. Ani naani anoita zvinokanganisa runyararo, kurwisa democracy, kutonga kwemutemo kana kurongeka, kushandisa zvisiri izvo kodzero yerusununguko, kuparadzira ruzivo rwenhema rwekuziva muzvinhu zvemukati [13] ] , diplomacy, nyaya dzehondo, zvehupfumi nekutengeserana, nezvimwewo, kana kutsigira udzvinyiriri, kunamatira kuvavengi, kuvapa rubatsiro uye kunyaradza kunofanira kurambidzwa pakarepo, kusungwa uye kupomerwa mhosva.

[12] Chero vashandi vehurumende havafanire kushandisa mari yehurumende kutsvaga mari, chiokomuhomwe, kuroya kana kushandisa chero chitendero kana vatendi. Vachiona kuti bato riri kutonga reJapan rine hukama hwepedyo neUnication Church, zvakakonzera kupondwa kwaShinzo Abe muna 2022, makurukota manomwe edare remakurukota ane chekuita neUnification Church akasiya basa.

[13] Kuona chokwadi uye kubuda pachena kweruzivo rwepasi rose chinhu chinodiwa kuti pave nerunyararo. Rusununguko rwekutaura harudzivirire pamhosva dzekutaura. Kugadzira kana kuparadzira ruzivo rwenhema hakunei nerusununguko rwekutaura, zvinongoparadza kuvimba kwevanhu, kuwirirana, kubatana, tsika uye hukama.

Chitsauko 2 Runyararo rusingagumi rwedemocracy

Chisungo chechishanu Nyika yakavakirwa pademocracy [14] [ 5th Mutemo weRugare Rusingagumi]

Kuvandudzwa kukuru kwedemocracy yenyika. Isa nyika senyika huru ine hutongi hwejekerere , uye mapurovhinzi nemanisiparati semienzaniso mikuru yedemocracy . Vanhu vanozvarwa kuti vave vatenzi vepasi nenyika, nyaya dzakananga dzemutemo wepasi rose uye bumbiro remutemo, uye nyaya dzekupedzisira dzekodzero dzinogadzira zvakananga kodzero uye mabasa kuvanhu  nehurumende. Vakuru vemasangano nemapazi ehurumende vanofanira, nezvisungo nezvisungo zvehurumende, kuvaka chisungo ichi kumutsiridza hutongi hwejekerere.

[14] "Democracy ndiyo yakaipisisa nzira yehurumende, kunze kwevamwe vese vakamboedzwa." (Winston Churchill, mukuru wehurumende weBritain) “Hurumende iyoyo yavanhu, navanhu, nokuda kwavanhu, haisati ichizoparara panyika.” (Abraham Lincoln, the President of the US) Hurumende haisi yebato, inotongwa nebato, uye inonakidzwa nebato seNorth Korea.

Chisungo chechitanhatu Reform of democracy [15] [ 6th Mutemo weRugare Rusingagumi]

Kupa mushonga wakasimba wekunetsana kwemukati mune zvematongerwo enyika yedemocracy uye kuvaka-mapato matatu ezvematongerwo enyika. Ramba uchitora chikamu muvhoti inoenderera mberi uye isingakanganisike kugadzirisa uye kuyananisa zviri kuitika, kushanda zvakanaka, kupokana, kupatsanurana, kutya, uye zvinopesana. Vashandi vechiuto, vakuru vakuru vehurumende, vafundisi, vashandi vezvenhau, kana vamwe vanhu vanochengetedzwa nekodzero [16] vanofanira kupasa bvunzo dzemitemo yenyika dzakawanda. Bhangi remibvunzo rinofanirwa kuziviswa gore risati rasvika nekubvunzurudzwa kweHague International Court of Justice kana Hague Academy yeInternational Law kuti itenderwe.

[15] Democracy yechokwadi ine vatenzi vaviri, "vanhu" uye "mutemo". (Aristotle, muzivi wechiGiriki) Shanduko yeDemocratic yemapato ezvematongerwo enyika, mari yevatema, nhepfenyuro, udzvanyiriri kana zvirwere zvezvematongerwo enyika zvisingaperi zvine maitiro akasiyana emarudzi zvinofanirwa kuenderera mberi nekuita sarudzo nekubatanidza mashandiro.

[16] Munyika yegutsaruzhinji, hamuna zvinosungirwa pasina kodzero, uye hapana kodzero pasina zvinosungirwa; kodzero nezvisungo zvinogara pamwe chete.

Chisungo chechinomwe Kuvhura democracy [ 7th Mutemo weRugare Rusingagumi]

Chero sangano rinofanirwa kushandisa mapurojekiti ekuvandudza, nheyo dzekuchera uye zviwanikwa zvichitsvaga kuwedzera huwandu husingaverengeki hwehurongwa hweConstitutional Standard [17] , uye kukwezva matarenda kubva pasi rese kuenda kurudzi rwemuenzaniso weConstitutional Standard [18] kugadzira yedu. nyika uye uve nyika yakajairika yevagari vepasi. Kumutsiridza kukosha uye chiremera chemunhu cheutongi hwezvido zvevanhu hukuru, vagari venyika dzine hutongi hwejekerere [19]  vanokwanisa kukwikwidza musarudzo pamatanho ese (kusanganisira chigaro chemutungamiri wenyika) munyika yedu uye kusimudzira kukwikwidza kwerudzi rwemuenzaniso weBumbiro reMitemo pasi rose.

[17] Ese masisitimu akakosha, senge masisitimu ekushanda, masisitimu emitemo, masisitimu ehupfumi uye masisitimu etekinoroji, matanho emidzi.

[18] Izwi rekuti "nyika yemuenzaniso" rinowanzo reva matunhu, mapurovhinzi uye marepabhuriki emubatanidzwa wenyika kana dunhu rinoshandisa Chiyero cheBumbiro reMitemo.

[19] Nehuwandu hweiyo democracy index pamusoro pemakore e2008 kusvika 2021, ndapota tarisa kumatafura akabatanidzwa kune yedu webhusaiti kuti uwane ruzivo. Chinodiwa kugumisa hutongi hwejekerere imhaka yekuti Bato reCommunist rine shungu dzekukunda nyika yese. (The Communist Manifesto) Kana pasina kurwa kana kuwedzera, kudzvanyirira rusununguko uye kodzero dzevanhu kuchave kushaikwa kwechikonzero chakanaka.

Chisungo 8 Kudzivirirwa kwedemocracy [8th Mutemo weRugare Rusingagumi]

Nyatsodzora mafambiro emari, vanhu, zvinhu, uye ruzivo kubva kune dzimwe nyika. Madzishe akasarudzwa anoganhurirwa kwenguva yakawanda yemakore mashanu. Mushure mekunge nguva yapera, vakuru vakuru nehama dzavo dzepedyo, mukati memakore masere [20] , vanorambidzwa kumhanyira nzvimbo dzavo dzekare kana dzakabatana nemutemo [21] . Chero ani zvake anotora chikamu mukudzokororwa kwebumbiro remutemo uye kugadzirisa nguva yekushanda anoonekwa semuiti wezvechimurenga uye anofanira kusungwa uye kutongwa nekukasika [22] . Kuvandudzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kunofanirwa kubvumwa nezvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvenhengo dzekongiresi dzematemu maviri, uye kubvumwa nezvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvenhengo dzezvikamu zvitatu muzvina zvemakanzuru emunyika; ipapo referendamu inogona kuitwa [23]. Mumareferendamu, zvishoma ne50 muzana yeavo vane kodzero yekuvhota vanofanira kubvumidza chirevo [24] .

[20] Bumbiro reMitemo yeCosta Rica §132 [pazasi] haazosarudzwa Mutungamiriri kana Mutevedzeri weMutungamiriri: 1. Munhu akabata chigaro cheMutungamiri panguva ipi zvayo mukati memakore masere sarudzo dzisati dzaitwa...

[makumi maviri nerimwe]Hurongwa hwekugara muhofisi chinhu chikuru chakagadzirwa nevanhu. Madzishe akasarudzwa anobata kwetemu imwe chete uye nguva yekutonga haifaniri kudarika makore mashanu uye haagone kugadzwa zvakare. Vamwe vangabvunza kuti kana kugadzwa kumwe bedzi kuchibvumirwa, neiko mumwe asingagadzwizve kaviri kana kuti kaviri? Tora Mutungamiri weBelarus semuenzaniso, akasarudzwa zvakare kwematemu matanhatu akateedzana. Putin wekuRussia anga achitonga nyika yake kweanopfuura makore gumi. Nokudaro, hurongwa hwekugara munyika, kugadzirwa kukuru kwevanhu, hwakaparadzwa. Bumbiro rezvematongerwo enyika reRepublic yeGuatemala §186: Zvinorambidzwa kusarudza Hofisi yeMutungamiriri kana Mutevedzeri weMutungamiriri weRepublic. Vanotevera havagone kusarudza zvinzvimbo zveMutungamiriri weNyika kana Mutevedzeri weMutungamiriri weNyika: a. Mutungamiriri kana vakuru ve coup d'état , Chimurenga chepfuti kana sangano rakafanana, vakashandura kurongeka kwebumbiro remitemo, kana avo semugumisiro wezviitiko zvakadaro vakatora hutungamiriri hwehurumende; b. Munhu anenge ashandisa chigaro cheMutungamiriri weNyika kana kuti Mutevedzeri weMutungamiriri weNyika apo panoitwa sarudzo dzechigaro ichocho, kana kuti anenge aita zvimwechetezvo kwenguva ipi zvayo mukati metemu yemutungamiri wenyika inoitwa sarudzo; c. Vehukama kusvika padanho rechina rekubatana uye rechipiri rehukama (, uye vakaroora gore risati raitwa sarudzo muBumbiro reRepublic of Honduras §240.6) yeMutungamiriri kana Mutevedzeri weMutungamiriri weRepublic, apo wekupedzisira anoshandisa chigaro. yeMutungamiriri weNyika, uye neavo vevanhu vataurwa mundima yekutanga yeChinyorwa chino; d. Munhu angave anga ari Minister of State, kwenguva ipi zvayo mukati memwedzi mitanhatu sarudzo dzisati dzaitwa; e. Nhengo dzeMauto, kunze kwekunge dzasiya basa kana kuti dzaenda pamudyandigere kwemakore mashanu zuva remusangano wesarudzo risati rasvika; f. Vashumiri vechitendero chipi nechipi kana kapoka; uye g. Mamejasitiriti eSupreme Electoral Tribunal.

[22] Bumbiro reMitemo yeRepublic yeHonduras §42.5 inokurudzira, inosimudzira, kana kutsigira kuenderera mberi kana kusarudzwa patsva kweMutungamiriri weRepublic; uye acharasikirwa neugari. §187 yeBumbiro reGuatemalan rinorambidza kusarudzwa patsva.

[23] §100 yeNew Hampshire Constitution inotaura kuti referendamu yebumbiro remitemo inofanirwa kubvumwa nezvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zveruzhinji rwevavhoti vanokodzera. Tarisai nzira yekuvandudza bumbiro remutemo mu §1.7, §1.8 ne §5 yeBumbiro reMitemo reUnited States pabhiri rekuvandudza. Hondo dzevagari vemo uye hondo dzekunze dzinoda mvumo yezvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvenhengo dzeCongress, nezvimwe.

[24] Amendment §48 yeBumbiro reMitemo reMassachusetts rinoti referendamu inofanirwa kubvumwa nevanopfuura hafu yevanokodzera kuvhota kuitira kuti zvematongerwo enyika zvigadzikane.

Chitsauko 3 Mwero werunyararo wekodzero dzevanhu

Chisungo 9 Nyika yakavakirwa pakodzero dzevanhu [9 Mutemo weRugare Rusingagumi]

Kubatana kukuru kwekodzero dzevanhu munyika [25] . Kuisa nyika senyika huru ine mitemo yekodzero dzevanhu, uye matunhu nemanisiparati ndiyo mienzaniso mikuru yekodzero dzevanhu [26] . Kugadzira hunhu hwepamusoro-soro hwehupenyu, kusimudzira bumbiro remitemo yenyika, kuchengetedza runyararo rusingaperi rwevanhu, uye kudzivirira budiriro yepasi ikodzero dzinoyera kwazvo dzevanhu uye zvisungo zvekukurumidzira zvenyika. Mukuru wekuchengetedzwa kweruzhinji padanho repasi anosarudzwa nevanhu [27] muhurongwa hwevhoti imwe chete; mapato matatu anosarudzwa, zvichienderana nehuwandu hwemavhoti, uye mukuru wezvekuchengetedzwa kweveruzhinji mumwechete nevatevedzeri vevakuru vezvekuchengetedzwa kweveruzhinji vanosarudzwa.

[25] Mushure mekunge mitemo yekodzero dzevanhu yepasi rose yeUN yasainwa nenyika dzese dziri nhengo, nyika dzisingateere mitemo dzinotadza kutora mubatanidzwa wedzimwe nyika.

[26] “Chibvumirano Chepasi Pose Chekodzero Dzevanhu Nezvematongerwe Enyika” uye “Chibvumirano Chepasi Pose Chekodzero Dzeupfumi, Zvemagariro Netsika” zvose zvakava mutemo wenyika dzakawanda muna 1976. §1 yezvibvumirano zviviri izvi inoumbakodzero yekuzvisarudzira yebumbiro remitemo. Makanzuru ane simba rekuvaka hunhu hwemuno hwekugarisana kwepasi rose uye kudyidzana kwepasi rose, uye kuve makuru emarudzi akasiyana.

[27] Masherifu ehurumende eUS anosarudzwa nevanhu. Kuti mapurisa ave nanani wevanhu, kwete tsigiro yepasi, vakuru vezvekuchengetedzwa kwepasi vanofanira kusarudzwa kuburikidza nesarudzo dzine mukurumbira.

Chisungo chegumi Kuvandudzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu [ Mutemo wechigumi weRugare Rusingagumi]

Kodzero dzevanhu dzatakaberekwa nadzo dzinoisa pamberi pehutongi hwenyika. Vanhu vane kodzero yekurarama uye kodzero yekukurumidza euthanasia maererano nemutemo [28] . Hurumende inodzivirira vanotambura, uye vose vanobatwa nezvinhu zvevanhu uye ergonomic [29] kana vanhu vasina mhosva vanofanira kubhadharwa nehurumende [30] . Vese vagari vemo vanhu vanoteerera mutemo [31] , uye avo vasina kupara mhosva mukati memakore gumi apfuura [32] vanofanira kunge vane ruzivo rwakakosha kune zvinyorwa zvemhosva zvakabviswa [33] . Hafu yenhengo dzeNational Human Rights Action uye Citizenship Exercise Committee inogadzwa nemasangano epasi rese ane kodzero dzevanhu [34] .

[28] Swiss Federal Criminal Code §115 hairangi kuzviuraya kwaitwa pasina vavariro dzeudyire.

[29] Human factor engineering ikodzero yakakosha yevanhu, uye Bumbiro reMitemo rinogadza mitemo yekodzero dzevanhu. Semuenzaniso, European Commission yakakumbira masangano eEuropean standardization kuti agadzire "EN Eurocodes" (European Standards) inoshanda kunhengo dzeEU uye nyika dzeEurope pasi pe motto "Kuvaka Ramangwana".

[30] Hurumende ndiyo inokonzera kufa kwevanhu vasina mhosva munyika. Ichitaura nezvemutemo weIsrael weNational Health Insurance Law, hurumende yeIsrael yakaripa vanhu vese vakange vaenda kuIsrael zviri pamutemo kana zvisiri pamutemo mukubhomba kwebhazi reJerusarema.

[31] “Kana kuri kuchengetedza kodzero dzevasina simba, ani naani anoramba, zviite.” (Calvin Coolidge, Mutungamiriri weUS)

[32] Chinangwa chemutemo wekuparwa kwemhosva kudzidzisa matsotsi uye kutarisira kuti vasazopara mhosva kana varangwa. Nyika hainyore mipiro yevanhu asi inonyora zvikanganiso zvavo. Rudzi urwu rwechirango kubva pamweya wehama. Maonero echiBhudha eku“isa pasi banga remubhucha uye ave Buddha ipapo” akakodzera kutorwa. Panyaya yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemhosva dzepasi rose, Venezuela iri pekutanga ne84,25, Brazil iri pachinzvimbo chechi10 ne67,85, uye Taiwan iri pachinzvimbo chechi134 ne15,24. Idzi nhamba dzinotyisa. Sezvo nzanga isingagamuchiri avo vane zvinyorwa zvoutsotsi, avo vakambobatwa nemhosva vanopererwa zvokuti vanofunga kuti vakarongerwa kupara mhaka kusvikira kumugumo woupenyu hwavo.

[33] "Kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu kuchava mutemo mukuru." (Cicero, muzivi weRoma) Dare reEuropean Court of Justice rakapa mutongo wekuti kana kodzero dzinokosha dzevanhu dzikakanganiswa nekuburitswa kweruzivo rwemunhu, uye kuti kuburitswa kwacho kunenge kusingakodzeri zvido zvevanhu, ruzivo rwacho runofanira kubviswa, zvichireva nezve "kodzero. kukanganwa”.

[34] Kuitira kuchengetedza kodzero dzevanhu munyika dzanga dzichiita runyararo rusingaperi, nhengo dzeHuman Rights Commission dzinoumbwa nevakuru vepasirese. Kuburikidza nemazano uye zvikumbiro zvevakuru vepasirese, kodzero dzevanhu dzichange dzichienderana nemitemo yenyika.

Chisungo 11 Kuvhura kodzero dzevanhu [ 11th Mutemo weRugare Rusingagumi]

Marudzi ose akaenzana pakodzero dzevanhu. Kodzero dzevanhu hadzina kupatsanurwa uye hadzigone kutamiswa kana kurambwa. Kana kodzero dzevanhu dzemunhu wese dzichibatwa nekukuvadzwa nekunyengedzwa, vanoonekwa semubairo wevanhu vese. Kodzero dzevanhu vemunharaunda dzichachengetedzwa [35] . Vanopikisa tsika dzechiuto-vanoshingairira-vanonamata madzitateguru-vanonamata madzitateguru-based nationalism yemauto inogamuchirwa kudzvanyirira vashoma, kupatsanura rusarura, kumanikidza kutsakatika, kupara mhosva dzepasi, kuita mapoka emarudzi, uye chepfu pasi rose. Izvo zvinodikanwa kuita pasi rose musha wevagari vemunyika [36]  .

[35] Kuenzana kunokosha ndiko kuziva kuti mutemo unofanira kutarisa zvinhu zvakadai serusarura, kusarura, uye kugoverwa kusina kuenzana. Inoshandisa matanho akakosha ekubatsira kana kuvandudza hupenyu hwemapoka anotambura, uye kuona kuti vane mikana yakafanana nevamwe vese.

[36] Chimiro chinosanganisirwa cheurudzi chinosimudzira tsika dzechinyakare dzakasununguka dzerusununguko, kushivirira, kuenzana, kodzero dzemunhu mumwe nomumwe, nezvimwewo. Kuve nhengo yeCitizen State yakazarurirwa mugari wese ane ugari, zvisinei netsika kana rudzi.

Chisungo 12 Kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzevanhu [37] [12 Mutemo weRugare Rusingagumi]

Kodzero dzevanhu inyaya dzemukati menyika [38] . Vakuru vehurumende vanofanira kuvimbisa kuti kodzero dzevanhu dzakakosha, kodzero dzezvakatipoteredza, kodzero dzerunyararo, uye kodzero dzebudiriro hazvimbofi zvakabvisa zuva kubva kune dzimwe nyika. Gore negore, vatungamiri vemapazi akasiyana-siyana vachasarudzwa uye mutungamiri mumwe chete wepamusoro-soro ndiye achasarudzwa nevanhu. Kureva kuti sarudzo dzichaitwa gore negore. Pasinei nehukama hwepasi rose kana hukama hwevanhu, kana nguva kana nzvimbo apo kushungurudzwa kunoitika, vanoshungurudzwa vanogona kugara vachitsvaga zvikwereti zvakabatana uye zvakati wandei kubva kune vakanyarara. Avo vanopupurira vamwe vari munjodzi asi vasingadi kuponesa vari mungozi [39] , kana kuti vanogona kubatsira vakakuvadzwa kuti varatidze kuti havana mhosva asi vachiramba kupupura, vanofanira kupiwa mhosva.[40] .

[37] Tarisa kune "Sei kusimuka uye chishamiso chehupfumi cheNazi Germany chakava njodzi?" "Taifanira kurwisana nevavengi vekare verunyararo ... kuti Hurumende nemari yakarongwa ine ngozi kungofanana neHurumende nemhomho yakarongeka." (Franklin D. Roosevelt, purezidhendi weU.S.)

[38] "Kusarongeka kwese kuri kutyisidzira kururamisira kwese." (Mubairo weNobel Peace Prize Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.) Kuenzaniswa kweBumbiro reBumbiro reMitemo nemitemo ye“Nhau dzekodzero dzevanhu inyaya dzemukati menyika,” dzenyika dzakasiyana-siyana, tapota ona matafura akabatanidzwa pawebhusaiti yedu kuti uwane mamwe mashoko.

[39] Chinhu chega chinodiwa pakukunda kwechakaipa ndechekuti vanhu vakanaka vasaite chinhu. Kunyarara kwemunhu wese kunoburitsa anotevera akabatwa.

[40] Tarisa ku "tort law" mumutemo we common law yebasa rekununura, senge §323c yeGerman Criminal Code, §223-6 yeFrench Penal Code, etc. "International Convention on maritime search and rescue. , 1979” yemitemo yechivanhu yepasi rose inorayira kupa rubatsiro kumunhu chero upi zvake anowanikwa mugungwa ari munjodzi yekurasika.

Chitsauko 4 Chiyero cheRugare Rusingagumi uye Kutonga kweMutemo

Chisungo 13 Nyika yakavakirwa pakutonga kwemutemo [41] [13 Mutemo weRugare Rusingagumi]

Kuzadzikiswa kukuru kwekutonga kwemutemo munyika [42] . Isa nyika senyika ine hutongi hukuru hwemitemo , uye matunhu nemanisiparati semhando huru dzekutonga kwemutemo . Mutemo wepasi rose wakaiswa pasi rose ndiwo mutemo wakazvimiririra wehurumende, unova mutemo wemitemo yese inochengetedza budiriro yenyika [43] . Makore mashanu mushure mekushanda kwemutemo wakafara wepasi rose, uchaonekwa semutemo wechivanhu wepasi rose, mutemo mai webumbiro remitemo, uye mitemo ine runyararo, inoumba kodzero nemabasa evanhu zvakananga. Munhu wacho ndiye musoro wekupedzisira wemutemo wenyika dzakawanda [44] .

[41] Chitsauko 40 cheMagna Carta chakati, "Kune munhu watisingazotengese, hakuna anoramba kana kunonoka kodzero kana kururamisira." Hutongi hwemutemo ipfungwa yekuti vese hurumende nevagari vanoziva mutemo nekuuteerera.

[42] Rusununguko rukuru rwepasi rose, hutongi hwejekerere, kodzero huru dzevanhu, kutonga kukuru kwemitemo, uye mitemo yepasi rose, hutungamiriri uye mitemo yekutonga zvese zvinobva: fout. Asi ini naRudo takanga tine hungwaru hwekuhwina: Takadhirowa denderedzwa rakamupinza mukati!" (Edwin Markham, mudetembi akahwina mubairo weUS,Akapusa)

[43] Kunyange zvazvo mutemo wepasi rose uchida kuti nyika dziite zvavanosungirwa, haibvunzi kuti nyika dzinofanira kuita zvisungo zvadzo sei: (1) Nyika dzinogona kusarudza kushandisa zvakananga mutemo wenyika dzakawanda. (2) Vanogonawo kupa mutemo wekushandura mutemo wenyika dzakawanda kuva mutemo wenyika. (3) Vanogona kutora matanho ekutonga. (4) Vanogona kutora matanho ekutonga. (5) Nyika inosarudza maererano nebumbiro rayo. (Hungdah Chiu, International Law)

[44] Legal Positivism ipfungwa yepamutemo ye "nharaunda yepamutemo yenyika". Pasinei nemutemo wepasi rose kana mutemo wenyika, "munhu" ndiyo yakananga yekupedzisira nyaya yekodzero nezvisungo. (Hans Kelsen, muzivi wezvemutemo wekuAustria) Hurumende isingatevedzeri mutemo wenyika ihurumende yakaipa.

Chisungo 14 Kuvandudzwa kwekutonga kwemutemo [14 Mutemo weRugare Rusingagumi]

Kugadzira mitemo yese mumusha mumwe chete wakabvumirana mutemo wepasirese chisungo chenyika chisingagoni kuchinjwa kana kuregererwa. Mitemo yemarudzi ose inoumba chikamu chemutemo wenyika. Munhu wese anogona kugadzirisa nyaya idzi uye hurumende inokwanisa kumisa basa kana kushandisa zvinoenderana nemutemo maererano nezvavanoda. Vatorwa vane kodzero yekushandisa mitemo yenyika yavo pane zvakakosha munyika yedu kuitira kuti vagone kuvaka nyika yedu kuti ive imwe nyika yavo uye guta rekumusha [45] . Nyika dzichagadzira dhatabhesi rezvino rekuenzanisa data remitemo yenyika .

[45] Mitemo yose iri mune imwechete. Vekune dzimwe nyika vane kodzero yekutanga kushandisa mitemo yenyika dzavo, asi chiito chekutonga chinopesana nemutemo wehurumende kana tsika inoshaya nyika yedu.

Chisungo 15 Kuvhura mutemo wemutemo [ 15th Mutemo weRugare Rusingagumi]

Kushandisa mitemo yedemocracy uye kutonga kwemitemo. Mutungamiriri wenyika, Gweta Guru rehurumende, uye mutungamiri webazi rezvemitemo vanofanira kudoma nhengo dzemakomiti ekongiresi ad hoc pavanenge vachikwikwidza musarudzo. Nhengo dzeAd Hoc Committee yeGenerational Development Committee dzinodomwa neMutungamiriri weNyika; nhengo dzeAd Hoc Committee paLegal Development Committee yeGlobal Country dzinosarudzwa neAttorney General; nhengo dzeAd Hoc Committee on the Development of International Law dzinodomwa nemutungamiri weJudiciary. Vanodomwa vachashanda nguva imwe chete neanodoma. Kana mumiriri atenderwa, vanenge vadomwa vanoiswa kumakomiti akasiyana siyana. Uku ndiko kuratidzwa kwerunyararo nekusingaperi kwebudiriro huru uye muenzaniso wekutonga kukuru kwemutemo [46].

[46] Mutemo wakabatana nebudiriro mune imwe nguva nenzvimbo. "Icho chibereko chebudiriro ... sekune yakapfuura sechigadzirwa chebudiriro, kune yazvino senzira yekuchengetedza budiriro, nezveramangwana senzira yekufambisira mberi budiriro." (Roscoe Pound, nyanzvi yezvemitemo yekuAmerica)

Chisungo 16 Kudzivirirwa kwekutonga kwemutemo [16 Mutemo weRugare Rusingagumi ]

Shandura zvimiro zvebumbiro rerunyararo sehwaro hwepamutemo hwezvematongerwo enyika [47] . Zvinorambidzwa kuti hurumende ityore mitemo yepasi rose nekuda kwekupokana nemutemo wenyika, mamiriro emunyika, tsika, nhoroondo, geography, tsika, nezvimwe, uye vanotyora vanoonekwa vaine mhosva dzekuparwa kwehurongwa hwevanhu. Hutongi hwekudzivirira budiriro ine runyararo: mitemo yenyika dzese pasi rose iri mubumbiro remutemo rimwechete, uye imwe yebumbiro remitemo inogona kuunza runyararo rwepasi rose, hurongwa huviri hwehutungamiriri (semi-presidential system), mapato matatu ezvematongerwo enyika, masimba mana. kupatsanurwa, cheki uye zviyero, uye republican system pamakondinendi mashanu.

[47] Muzivi Kant's theory of Perpetual Peace akaita zvirevo zvitatu zvakakosha: (1) Runyararo runogona kusimbiswa nesimba remutemo. (2) Chinangwa chesimba remutemo rugare. (3) Naizvozvo, rugare runomutsa nenzira isingadzivisiki nhau yehwaro hwapamutemo hwezvamatongerwe enyika. (Frédéric Laupics) Naizvozvo, iyi Bumbiro reMitemo rakazadzisa zvinangwa zvavo: kuumba "nharaunda yepamutemo yepasi rose" uye kuvandudza nzira yehutongi hwepasi rose.

Title 2 Masangano makuru enyika

Chitsauko 5 Mutemo weRugare Rusingagumi wemitemo [48]

Chisungo 17 Supranational simba remutemo [ 17th Mutemo weRugare Rusingagumi]

Makwikwi makuru uye kubatana kwemitemo yenyika . Kuvandudza hurongwa hwehutongi hwepasirese, danho renyika kana repasi-pasi rine simba remutemo chete apo mutemo wepasirese hauna kugadzwa padanho repamusoro-soro kana kumisa hukama hwakaenzana hwekugara mumunda wepasi rose, uye zvinonzwika kuti zvimiro zvemutemo wepasirese. zvakakosha uye supranational ine simba remutemo [49] . Mitemo yenyika inoda kubatanidzwa kwepasi rose, zvisinei neshamwari kana muvengi, nyika imwe neimwe ine mumiriri mumwe chete, asi isina kodzero yekuvhota mukongiresi yenyika yekumba [50] .

[48] ​​Legislative standard procedure: Mutemo unofanirwa kuve wakajeka, wakakwana, unofanotaurwa, uye uchienderana pasi rose. Kuburikidza neshanduko, kuenzanisa nekubatanidzwa kunoitwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti mutemo unoenderana nenguva, uye kunaka uye simba renyika rinoramba richivandudzika.

[49] Kana iyo supranational level isingachasangana nemamiriro maviri ari pamusoro apa anodiwa, simba remutemo rinogara kune imwe neimwe nyika.

[50] Mitemo yenyika yakavhurika kutora chikamu chepasi rose, zvisinei neshamwari kana muvengi. Kongiresi yenyika inogona kumiririra vanhu vayo kugadzira nzira yekudyidzana nevanhu-kune-vanhu. Mitemo yenyika inosimudzira kuzvarwa kwe“nharaunda yepamutemo yepasi rose”. Inosimbisa masimba evagari vepasi kuti vamise hurumende pamwe chete kutyora mutemo wenyika. Isimba zvakare rekudzivisa vatungamiriri venyika dzakasiyana siyana kutungamira vanhu kukuparadzwa.

Chisungo chegumi nesere Simba remitemo yenyika [18 Mutemo weRugare Rusingagumi]

Congress yakagadzira mapato matatu ezvematongerwo enyika, aine zvigaro zana nemakumi mashanu emakomiti ematunhu. Dunhu rega rega rinofanirwa kuve nenhengo imwe yeCongress. Vanhu vechiAborigine nematunhu nemaguta ane vanhu vangangosvika zviuru zana vanofanirwa kunge vaine zvigaro zvitatu, uye zvigaro zvasara zvigopihwa mamwe matunhu asara. Vanovhota mudunhu rega rega vane vhoti rimwe chete, uye vanokwanisa chete kuvhotera munhu mumwe chete kubva pagwaro revanokwikwidza. Vatatu vepamusoro vane nhamba yepamusoro yevhoti vanosarudzwa [51] . Nhengo dzeKongiresi dzinosarudzwa kwemakore mana, uye chikamu chechina cheMasangano eSarudzo anofanirwa kusarudzwa zvakare gore negore [52] . Pane 36 ad hoc committees [53] pasina dunhu, uye nhamba yose yenhengo dzekongiresi i186. Sarudzo dzakaparadzana uye dzinomanikidzirwa [54] .

[51] Sarudzo yeparamende iri kushandisa vhoti rimwe chete kumuvhoti kuvhotera munhu mumwe chete waanoda. Vanokwikwidza vane mavhoti matatu epamusoro vanosarudzwa. Iyo mhando yehurongwa ndeyese democracy uye republican. Nokurasa udzvanyiriri hwebato rimwe chete, kurwisana kwemapato maviri, uye mhirizhonga yemapoka akawanda, uye nokukurudzira kuenzana kune simba kwemapato matatu ezvematongerwo enyika, pese panomuka gakava, simba rechitatu rine simba rakaenzana rinogona kutonga uye kubatsira kusvika pakugadziriswa. Saka, zviri nyore kubatanidza nhengo dzekongiresi. Kuti zvematongerwo enyika zvigadzikane, kongiresi inoitisa sarudzo zvakare gore rega rega, zvichiita kuti vanhu vavhote zvakare.

[52] Munzanga ine mhirizhonga, zvinodikanwa kuvimba nehurongwa hwemapato matatu ezvematongerwo enyika uye kuramba uchivhota kugadzirisa uye kuyananisa matambudziko, kushanda zvakanaka, kupesana, kusiyana uye kupikisa kunomuka nguva dzose. Vavhoti vane tsika yekusarudza nhengo dzekongiresi makore mana ega ega, asi kuburikidza nesarudzo dzisati dzaitwa gore rega rega, kongiresi pamwe nenhengo dzekongiresi dzichaedzwa nevanhu.

[53] Iyi Bumbiro reMitemo richakurudzira "nharaunda yepamutemo yepasi rose", kusimudzira budiriro huru yerunyararo rusingaperi, uye kuona hutongi hukuru hwemutemo semuenzaniso wemutemo.

[54] Sarudzo chimwe chezvinodiwa zvedzidzo yepamusoro, kugovera, nhaurirano, kubatana, kubvumirana uye kutonga. MuAustralia, vagari vanokodzera vanomanikidzwa kuvhota musarudzo. Imwe yenzira dzakakoshesesa dzekudzivirira nekusimudzira demokrasi ndeyekongiresi kusarudza nhamba yakati yenhengo gore rega rega. Zvinorambidzwa zvachose kuita sarudzo dzeparamende pamwe chete nedzepakati penyika kunze kwekunge dzaitwa panguva imwe chete nemakanzuru, kuitira kuti zvisavhiringe gwara remakurukota.

Chisungo chegumi nepfumbamwe Simba rekuita mutemo pasi penyika [19 Mutemo weRugare Rusingagumi]

Nhengo dzemakanzura emunharaunda pachikamu chepasi-nyika (nyika, matunhu, matunhu, nemanisiparati) vanoshanda kwenguva imwe chete yemakore maviri, zvakafanana nevamiriri vemubatanidzwa weUS nevenyika. Vavhoti mudunhu rega rega vane vhoti rimwe chete rinotora sarudzo imwe chete, uye vatatu vepamusoro vane mavhoti akawanda vanosarudzwa. Kukudziridza vatungamiri vezvematongerwo enyika uye kubvisa hutungamiri, nhengo yekongiresi inogona kungoshanda semukurukuri kwenguva imwe chete mukati mechikamu chemazuva ake akagadzwa uye inogona kusashanda semutauri zvakare. Mafungiro ese ari muvanhu vepasi haafanire kufuratirwa. Munhu wese anekodzero yekutora chikamu mumisangano yemitemo nevamiriri vemitemo pamatanho ese, kusanganisira kubva kumakanzuru kusvika kongiresi kana misangano yepasi rose [55] .

[55] Magadzirirwo emasangano anochengeta chero maonero eruzhinji kubva pakuvigwa. Nehurongwa hwevhoti imwe chete yemunhu mumwe chete, vamiriri vane mavhoti matatu epamusoro vanosarudzwa semhedzisiro yesarudzo. Magadzirirwo aya achabvumira vashoma kana bato rakazvimirira kuti rivhoterwe pachigaro chechitatu, icho chinogona kuita simba rechitatu kudzikamisa pfungwa, zvirevo nemafambiro evamwe vaviri. Havazopfuuriri zvakapambwa, havangagovani zvakapambwa, kana kuita zvakaipa.

Chisungo 20 Mutemo unotsigira [20 Mutemo weRugare Rusingagumi]

Gadzira hurongwa hwemitemo hune hushoma hushoma uye zvakanakira zvakanyanya. Revererai nharaunda yezvemitemo yepasirese [56] nemitemo inosungirwa yemutemo wenyika dzakawanda. Batsira dzimwe nyika kana hurumende dzematunhu (matunhu, mapurovhinzi, matunhu, kana makanzuru) kugadzira Bumbiro reMitemo. Gore rega rega, hurumende ichagovera chikamu che0.02 percent chebhajeti rese rehurumende kuti risimudzire Bumbiro reMitemo. Kugadziriswa kwenyika kwemubhadharo, mihoro uye mabhonasi, zvikwereti, mitero yemitero, uye zvikomborero zvinofanira kubatanidzwa kune zvenyika uye pasi rose "zvinodiwa zvinowanzodiwa uye kupatsanurwa kwakafanana kwebasa" [57] , uye yakagadzirwa kuburikidza nekuverenga kukuru kwedata [58] .

[56] Legal positivism inotsigira zvinhu zviviri zvekuwedzera zve "international authoritative formulation" uye "ividual social performance" kutsanangura pfungwa yemutemo ye "nharaunda yepamutemo yenyika". Ndiko kuti, "munhu" ndiyo yakananga yekupedzisira nyaya yekodzero dzepasi rose nezvisungo.

[57] Nyika inoshandura mihoro, muripo, mutero wemitero, mabhenefiti, nezvimwewo, uye haifanire kuderedza kana kukuvadza hukama hwemagariro ega uye hukama hwepasirese. ( Léon Duguit, nyanzvi yebumbiro remitemo yeFrance) Kudzivisa vezvamatongerwe enyika vane popupu mukukurira gadziriro yegutsaruzhinji.

[58] Vezvematongerwo enyika vanowanzoshandisa populism kukurudzira mhomho, vachishandisa chikonzero chekusimudza mihoro uye mabhenefiti sechikonzero chekuparadza hutongi hwejekerere. Somuenzaniso, pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, Argentina yakava nyika yechinomwe yakapfuma panyika. Mushure mekunge Ippolito asarudzwa kuve Mutungamiriri muna 1916, akaita maonero ake ezvematongerwo enyika kuti awedzere mihoro, izvo zvakaita kuti Argentina inyure kusvika pamakumi mashanu nepfumbamwe pamuhoro wega wega muna 2016.

Chitsauko 6 Runyararo rusingaperi mwero wekutonga

Chisungo 21 Supranational manejimendi [21st Mutemo weRugare Rusingagumi]

Utongi hukuru hwevakuru hwekutonga kwenyika . Makwikwi nekushandira pamwe musimba rekutonga repamusoro rinozoita hutongi hwepasirese hwakakwana. Pakuita mabasa emasangano epasi rose akadai seUN, hurumende padanho renyika nepasi rose masangano anopihwa simba nedanho repamusoro . Asati apiwa nemutongo wekutonga kwenyika dzakawanda, kana mutungamiri wenyika akazivisa pachena mutemo unoputsa mutemo wenyika yose, achaonekwa seanogona kupara mhosva yehondo [59] .

[59] "Mumibvunzo yesimba, saka, ngazvirege kunzwikazve zvekuvimba nemunhu, asi musungei kubva muhuipi nemaketani eBumbiro reMitemo." (Thomas Jefferson, Mutungamiriri weUS)

Chisungo 22 Hutongi hwenyika [ 22nd Mutemo weRugare Rusingagumi]

Semi-mutungamiri wenyika. Mutungamiriri wenyika anosarudzwa nevanhu, uye vamiriri vemutungamiri wenyika vanofanira kunge vaine makore makumi mashanu ekuberekwa kuti vavhoterwe. Mutungamiri anosarudza Prime Minister (akapfupikiswa sePM). Kana mutungamiri wenyika akapa mutongo, dare remakurukota rinofanirwa kusaina zvakare. Mutungamiriri wenyika anofanirwa kunge aine makore makumi mashanu ekuzvarwa, ane hwaro musarudzo dzine mukurumbira [60] , uye achave akaberekerwa muno). Mutungamiriri anotungamira hurumende [61] uye ane basa rekudzivirira nyika. Makurukota anofanirwa kushambadza hurongwa hwavo hwevashandi vehurumende uye marongero mukuita kwepasirese. Nyika dzinogona kubatana nehurongwa hwekuchengetedza uye dzinogona kuita mutemo kuendesa hutongi [62] kumasangano epasi rose. Chero sangano rinofanirwa kusangana nemitemo yenyika [63] .

[60] Kana Mutungamiri achinge adoma sachigaro wekongiresi kuti ashande semutungamiri wehurumende, PM anogona kugadzwa zvakananga. Kana mumiriri akasarudzwa wePM asiri masachigaro gumi nemaviri akasarudzwa, PM anofanirwa kubvumidzwa nekongiresi.

[61] Bumbiro reBumbiro reMitemo rinotara uye rinorambidza kutonga, rinoshandisa zvakadzika kubatanidza kusingachinji kwesupra-nyika (masangano epasi rose), nyika, pasi-nyika (matanho emunharaunda), uye mubatanidzwa wehushumiri hwakachinjika; chero mutemo unokwanisa kuitwa nehushumiri nemakanzuru ekanzuru.

[62] Kana vanhu vangorasikirwa nehutongi hwenyika kana hwenzvimbo, vanozorasikirwawo nemuridzi wese wemidziyo chaiyo, minda nemapindu.

[63] Kuita mabasa ehurumende akakwana, vashandi vese vehurumende vanofanira kuva neStandard Operating Procedures (SOPs), vachiita kuti magwaro anodiwa avepo pavanenge vachiita bhizinesi ravo, uye kuti veruzhinji vaonekwe.

Chisungo 23 Sub-nyika kutonga [23 rd Mutemo weRugare Rusingagumi]

Hwaro hwematongerwo enyika zvematongerwo enyika. Bumbiro remitemo rinofanirwa kutsanangura zvakajeka imwe nguva yekuti hurumende iite zvinodiwa nevanhu. Pose apo mumwe munhu anokumbira kururamisira, pachava nemhinduro [64] . Hurumende yakarongeka ndiyo sangano guru rekubatsira uye rebasa rekugadzirisa matambudziko evanhu [65] . Masimba ese anonyanya kufarira nharaunda ndeenzvimbo, kusanganisira simba remutemo, simba rekutonga, simba rekudzivirira veruzhinji, kodzero dzehupfumi nekutengeserana, kodzero dzemitauro, kodzero dzetsika, kodzero dzezvakatipoteredza, kodzero dzebudiriro, nezvimwewo, dzinofanirwa kukurudzira kutora chikamu kwevagari. Vamiririri vevanhu vane simba rekuongorora rakakwana [66] .

[64] Muchiitiko chemoto, kurapwa kwekukurumidzira, mafashamo, njodzi yemhepo, kudengenyeka kwenyika, kudzvinyirirwa nechisimba, kumanikidzirwa kunyangarika, kununurwa kwenhandare yehondo uye humwe rubatsiro rwenjodzi, nguva inotarisirwa kusvika kwevanunuri inofanira kuziviswa maererano nekureba kubva. nzvimbo yetsaona. Vachakwikwidza musarudzo dzematunhu vanofanira kupa pfungwa dzezvematongerwo enyika kuti vagadzirise mamiriro ezvinhu panguva yekuratidzira.

[65] Tichireva kuAustralia's Model Litigant Rules, masangano ese ehurumende yeAustralia ane basa mumutemo wehurumende kuenzanisira vane mhosva.

[66] "jack-in-office" ndiwo mudzi wehuwori hwese hwezvematongerwo enyika. Pamusoro peConstitutional Standard §14 iyo vagari vane kodzero yekuenzanisira kufambisa uye kutora chikamu kwevagari, vamiriri vevanhu padanho ripi neripi, chero paine nhengo nhatu dzakabatana, vane simba rekuita ongororo yehutongi uye kupomera mhosva maererano nemutemo. mutemo.

Chisungo 24 Vatsigiri veBumbiro reMitemo [ 24th Mutemo weRugare Rusingagumi]

Mutemo wenyika yose mukuru [67] . Kuchengetedza kurongeka kwebumbiro remitemo, kudzivirira mhirizhonga yevagari vemunyika, uye kudzivirira kupandukira hurumende, Mutungamiriri wenyika, vamiriri vevanhu, mauto, vakuru vakuru vehurumende, vadzidzisi, vafundisi, nevashandi vezvenhau vose ndivo vapi vevimbiso yekuti bumbiro remitemo richazadzikiswa . Nemvumo yeConstitutional Court, Gweta Guru rehurumende rinogona kumhan’ara kana kusunga mutungamiri wenyika pamusana pezvaakaita zvisiri pamutemo . Maawa makumi manomwe nembiri pamberi pekutanga kwechiito chisiri chehondo chehondo kana kudzvinyirira, mvumo yekongiresi inofanira kuwanikwa. Mutungamiri nemukuru-mukuru weMauto, Navy, uye Air Force vanofanira kuramba vasina kwavakarerekera, uye havazove nekodzero yekuvhota musarudzo huru.

[67] Kusvika pari zvino, hapana bumbiro remutemo renyika rinotevedza mutemo wenyika dzakawanda, asi pakuremekedza mutemo wenyika dzakawanda. §25 yeGerman Basic Law inoti mutemo wenyika dzese chikamu chemutemo wenyika, uye mutemo wenyika uchiri pamusoro pemutemo wepasi rose. Kutadza kutevedzera mutemo wenyika kukuvadza vanhu zvakanyanya.

Chitsauko 7 Muyero werunyararo rwekusingaperi wekutongwa kwematare

Chisungo chemakumi maviri neshanu kuvandudzwa kwekutongwa kwekutonga [25 Mutemo weRugare Rusingagumi]

Kutevedzwa kukuru nemitemo yenyika . Bumbiro remitemo ndiro chido chevanhu vose [68] , uye vanhu vanogona kupomera mumwe munhu zvakananga kutyora bumbiro remutemo. Iyo procuratorate inobatanidza masimba ekutonga kunze uye inopatsanura kubva kumatare edzimhosva uye ekutonga mukati. Kudzivirira vatungamiriri vehurumende kubva kutungamira vanhu mukuparadzwa, procuratorate ine dhipatimendi rekuteedzera zviri pamutemo uye hurongwa hwekuona kuteedzera mutemo wepasirese nemitemo yenyika.. Attorney General ane simba rekupa mutongo wekusunga matsotsi anotyora mitemo yepasi rose. Kana mauto nevashandi vedziviriro vatoreswa mhiko pachinzvimbo pakugadzwa kwavo kana kukwidziridzwa pabasa, vachasainwa nemuchuchisi mukuru. Vatongi vedare redziviriro yenyika vachapinda-basa-basa gore negore [69] .

[68] "Bumbiro remutemo rinofanirwa kuve sarudzo uye chiito chese chesimba rekugadzira bumbiro chinofanira kunge chiri murairo." (Carl Schmitt, nyanzvi yebumbiro remitemo yeGermany, Constitutional Theory)

[69] Gweta Guru rine simba rekusunga vatungamiri vepasi rose vanotyora mutemo wepasi rose maererano nemutemo. Vatongi vematare anoona nezvekuchengetedzwa kwenyika vanofanirwa kudzidziswa hunyanzvi gore rega rega.

Chisungo 26 Kuvhura masisitimu ehutongi [26 Mutemo weRugare Rusingaperi]

Masimba ehutongi anoshandiswa akazvimiririra. Mutungamiri wemutongi anosarudzwa nevanhu zvakananga; uyo anowana nhamba yepamusoro yemavhoti anoshanda seGweta Guru rehurumende . Munhu ane nhamba yechipiri yepamusoro-soro yemavhoti ndiye mutevedzeri wemutungamiri wehurumende uye panguva imwe cheteyo Gurukota rinoona nezvekutevedzwa kwemitemo . Munhu ane nhamba yechitatu yepamusoro-soro yemavhoti ndiye mutevedzeri wemutungamiri wechipiri weprocuratorate uye panguva imwe cheteyo Minister of Audit . Vachuchisi vakuru venzvimbo vanosarudzwawo nevanhu [70] . Zvichienderana nehuwandu hwemavhoti agamuchirwa, muchuchusi mukuru wenzvimbo imwe chete nevatevedzeri vevachuchisi vaviri venzvimbo vanosarudzwa kuti vaumbe dare redzimhosva kuti vapihwe mhosva.. Vachuchisi vanofanirwa kutungamira nekudzivirira kusarongeka, uye kuwana nekutsvaga kururamisira. Mapato ese ari mukutongwa ane kodzero yekushandura muchuchisi kana mutongi kusati kwavharwa kuferefetwa kana kupera kwekudzivirira.

[70] Kwemakore anopfuura 200 kubva pakunyorwa kweBumbiro reMitemo reUnited States, magweta makuru nevachuchisi vematunhu anopfuura makumi mana nematanhatu vakasarudzwa nevanhu, uye vane mutoro kuvanhumukutonga kwemitemo.

Chitsauko 8 Muyero werunyararo wokusingaperi wekutonga kwekutonga

Chisungo 27 Kuvandudzwa kwekutonga kwekutonga [27 Mutemo weRugare Rusingagumi]

Kugadzwa kukuru kweruramisiro yenyika . Mutemo wepasi rose unopihwa pamberi pakushandisa masimba ese emutemo. Teerera nezvisarudzo zvekutonga zveInternational Court of Justice. Hunhu hwepasi rose uye bumbiro remutemo rinofanira kufambidzana [71] . Kana kururamisira kwepasi rose kuchidanwa nemumwe munhu, mhinduro [72] inofanira kuuya kubatsira mumwe munhu. Saka, mutungamiri weDhipatimendi reJudicial anosarudzwa nevanhu [73]. Vatongi veDare reConstitutional Court vanomiririra kururamisira kwevanhu uye vanoturikira bumbiro remutemo kuitira kuti vanhu vatongerwe mhosva, uye mutongo wavo ndiyo mhinduro ine chiremera, uye mitongo yevatongi veDare reConstitutional Court inoonekwa sekushandiswa kwevanhu vane masimba. Hafu yevatongi veDare reConstitutional Court vanobva kunyika dzakasiyana mumakondinendi mashanu uye vanonakidzwa nekugara kwehupenyu hwese uye kubatwa zvizere nenyika.

[71] Kushandiswa kweinonzi "mutemo" hakufanirwe kungogumira munyika, asi kunofanira kududzirwa sepfungwa yepasi rose. Ndiko kuti, kubva kunzanga duku kusvika kunzanga huru, uyezve kunyika uye kunyange kunyika, icho chinhu chakafanana chibereko chepfungwa yokuti vanhu vanogara pamwe chete. (Tanaka Kotaro, purofesa wemutemo wechiJapan, Theory of World Law)

[72] "Chivi chikuru chehurumende husimbe." (Nicolo Machiavelli, mukuru wezvematongerwo enyika weItaly, The Prince) Ruramisiro inoreva kuti kana vanhu vaine zvavanoda, hurumende inopindura kuchikumbiro chese. Ruramisiro ndiyo chirevo chikuru chekuvapo kwenyika.

[73] "Kuzvimiririra kuzere kwematare edzimhosva kwakakosha zvakanyanya muBumbiro reMitemo rinoganhurwa." (Alexander Hamilton, baba vakavamba veU.S.) Kwemakore anopfuura 200 kubva pakunyorwa kweBumbiro reMitemo reUnited States, vatongi vematunhu anopfuura makumi mana nembiri vakasarudzwa nevanhu, uye vane mutoro wakananga kuvanhu kutivaruramisire.

Chisungo 28 Kuvhura  ongororo yekutonga [ 28th Mutemo weRugare Rusingagumi]

Bumbiro remitemo ndiro mutemo mukuru wenyika uye simba guru revanhu. Simba renyika rekushandisa mutemo richagara riri kune vagari venzvimbo. Zvinokosheswa nebumbiro remitemo ndezvepasi rose uye zviri pasi pechibvumirano chepasi rose (Constitutional Standard §13 ne §14 zvinokwana 99%) Nyika ine simba rekuongorora mitemo isingaenderane nebumbiro remitemo uye inofanira kukoshesa kuongorora kutyorwa kwemitemo yenyika dzakawanda. Mushure mokubvisa kutyorwa kwemutemo wenyika dzakawanda kana bumbiro remutemo, vagari venyika vane kodzero yekutanga kuratidzira kune runyararo semafambiro asingabatanidzi [74] uye kupikisa kusina chisimba [75]  kana pasina imwe nzira yekugadzirisa matambudziko.

[74] "Kusateerera kwevanhu" kunowanzoonekwa sechiito chakazaruka, chisina chisimba chekusateerera mutemo nenzira yakazaruka, isina mhirizhonga nechinangwa chekukurudzira shanduko mumitemo, mitemo kana kukanganisa kwevanhu, zvinokurudzirwa nehana yetsika.

[75] "Mutemo usina zvirango hausi mutemo, uye bumbiro risina kodzero yekupikisa harisi bumbiro." Kutyorwa kwemutemo kunoenderana nekuongororwa kwepasi rose kana kuramba. "Rudzi runotora pfungwa yakanaka kudaro, uye inorarama nayo, ichagara munyika nokusingaperi." (Abraham Lincoln, Mutungamiriri weUS)

* Mazwi ataurwa pamusoro apa haagoni kuchinjwa. Kana iwe uchida kuchinja, ndapota nyora zvinotevera zvekuwedzera mazwi nemhedzisiro.

Chikamu IV Zvekuwedzera zviga uye kushanda kwavo

Nyika dzakasiyana siyana dzinogona kuve dzakasununguka kuwedzera uye kupa mienzaniso ivo pachavo

Tora US semuenzaniso

1. Zvinokurudzirwa kuti US inotungamira democracy uye Congress inofanira kuchinjwa kuva hurongwa hwemapato matatu: nyika imwe muSeneti uye vhoti imwe chete, uye vatatu vepamusoro vanosarudzwa zvichienderana nehuwandu hwemavhoti (zvisinei nebato rezvematongerwo enyika. ), nenhengo nhatu mudunhu rega rega, uye huwandu hwezvigaro muSeneti hunova zana nemakumi mashanu; Dare reVamiriri rinopatsanura matunhu esarudzo nehuwandu hwevanhu uye muvhoti kubva mudunhu rega rega ane vhoti rimwe chete rekusarudza munhu anonyanyodiwa, uye vatatu vepamusoro vanosarudzwa zvichienderana nehuwandu hwemavhoti, uye zvigaro zvese zveImba yeVamiriri zvinoramba zviripo. 435. Chero gakava rinogona kuyananiswa uye kutongwa nemasimba echitatu.

2. Zvinokurudzirwa kuti US itungamire hutongi hwejekerere uye kuti nguva yechigaro cheMutungamiriri weNyika nevamwe vatungamiri vakasarudzwa iwedzerwe, asi chirwere chisingaperi chekuva pazvigaro zvakatevedzana chinofanira kukanzurwa. Munyika yanhasi, mamiriro ari kuchinja nekukurumidza zvekuti nguva yemakore mashanu yakakwana, uye hapana hofisi yeruzhinji inogona kuitwa kwemakore masere (semuenzaniso, Mutungamiriri anobuda haabvumidzwe kushanda sePM), uye yekutanga. muhoro ucharamba usina kuchinjwa panguva iyi. (Constitutional Standard § 8).

Chikamu V Shanduko uye  yekuwedzera p rovisions  (yakasiiwa )

Chikamu VI Appendikisi: kuenzaniswa kweBumbiro reMitemo uye huchenjeri hwemireniyumu hwemarudzi ese, mitemo yese, uye zvitendero zvese.

1. Mamiriro makumi maviri nemasere eBumbiro reMitemo sechombo che "28 Mavambo Misimboti yeUS" kuti irambe ichikura uye ichipenya.

2. Bumbiro reBumbiro reMitemo sechishandiso cheUN uye maNGOs anodarika zviuru makumi maviri kuti arambe achivandudza nekupenya.

(1) Kuenzaniswa kweBumbiro reMitemo neChata yeUN

(2) Kuenzaniswa kweBumbiro reMitemo neBumbiro reMitemo yeUN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

(3) Kuenzanisa so n  yeBumbiro  reMitemo nechisungo cheUN "Kuisa Rugare Rusingaperi"

(4) Kuenzaniswa kweBumbiro reBumbiro reMitemo neChirevo cheNyika Dzese cheKodzero dzevanhu, inova tsika yerunyararo neUN.

(5) Kuenzaniswa kweBumbiro reMitemo nezvimwe zviziviso zvine chekuita nerunyararo zveUN

3. Kuenzaniswa kweBumbiro reMitemo ne“Constitutional Power” mubumbiro remitemo yenyika dzakasiyana

4. Kuenzaniswa kweMitemo yeBumbiro reMitemo ne“kodzero dzekuvhota” mubumbiro remitemo yenyika dzakasiyana

(1) Switzerland yakave nemari yepamusoro-soro pamunhu pasi rose mumakore zana apfuura pakati penyika dziri pakati nepakati-kusvika-huru (nhamba yevanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni masere), mugari wega wega akavhota “ka9” panzvimbo yekuvhotera gore negore.

i. Vagari vemuZurich vakapinda musarudzo (federal/ state/ manicipal/ regional/ community elections), vaine marudzi anopfuura gumi nenomwe ekuvhota, uye vakaita huwandu hwemakumi mapfumbamwe nemaviri (2003-2019), avhareji yesarudzo 5.41 dzakavhota pagore.

ii. Vagari vemuZurich vakapinda mureferendamu (nyika / nyika / kanzuru / dunhu / nharaunda), avhareji ye3.82 referendamu yakaitwa gore rega rega.

iii. Swiss electronic voting system

(2) Hurumende yemuno munyika dzakakura dzakadai seCalifornia (USA) ine mwero wepamusoro wemari inotambirwa nemunhu (vanhu vane mamiriyoni makumi mana), uye mugari wega wega akavhota “ka11” panzvimbo yekuvhotera gore rega rega.

i. State level - California state elections

ii. Municipal - Sarudzo dzevagari vemuguta reLos Angeles

iii. USA inoti inoshandisa online electronic registration system yekuzivikanwa nevavhoti

5. Kuenzaniswa kweBumbiro reMitemo ne“kodzero” yebumbiro remitemo yenyika dzakasiyana

(1) Kuenzaniswa kweBumbiro reBumbiro reMitemo ne "kushandiswa kwemahara kwenhepfenyuro yekutora chikamu mune zvematongerwo enyika" yenyika dzakasiyana.

(2) Kuenzaniswa kweBumbiro reMitemo nemaitiro e "kudzivirira demokrasi yakasununguka uye kuvhota kwekumanikidzwa" kwenyika dzakasiyana siyana.

6. Kuenzaniswa kweBumbiro reMitemo ne“kodzero dzevanhu” dzebumbiro remitemo yenyika dzakasiyana-siyana

(1) Kuenzaniswa kweBumbiro reMitemo nemaitiro e“nyaya dzekodzero dzevanhu inyaya dzemukati menyika” dzenyika dzakasiyana siyana.

(2) Kuenzaniswa kweBumbiro reMitemo nemitemo ye "mutemo wepasi rose yakakwirira kudarika mutemo wenyika" wemitemo yenyika dzakasiyana.

(3) Kuenzaniswa kweBumbiro reMitemo nemitemo ye "Constitutional Guarantor" yenyika dzakasiyana-siyana.

7. Kuenzaniswa kweBumbiro reMitemo nemitemo ye "kuremekedza mitemo yekunze" yemitemo yenyika dzakasiyana.

►Kuenzaniswa kweBumbiro reMitemo nebumbiro remitemo yenyika dzakasiyana-siyana “kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti hunhu nekukosheswa kwevanhu hakusi kuseri kwezuva rimwe kune dzimwe nyika”

8. Kuenzaniswa kweBumbiro reMitemo nebumbiro remitemo renyika dzakasiyana siyana

►Kuenzaniswa kweBumbiro reBumbiro reMitemo nekwakabva "kururamisiro huru" inopindura zvinodiwa nekururamisira kwepasi rose munyika dzakasiyana siyana.

9. Kuenzaniswa kweChitemo cheBumbiro reMitemo ne“kutyorwa kwemutemo wepasi rose nebumbiro remutemo, munhu wese anekodzero yekuramba” mabumbiro emitemo yenyika dzakasiyana.

►Kuenzaniswa kweChitemo cheBumbiro reM itemo nemaitiro e“kodzero yekuramba/kusashanda pamwe” yekugadzirisa bumbiro remitemo yenyika dzakasiyana.

10.  Kuenzaniswa kweBumbiro reMitemo ne“kuvandudzwa nekuvhurwa” kwebumbiro remitemo yenyika dzakasiyana.

►Kuenzaniswa kweChitemo cheBumbiro reMitemo netsika dze "kuchinja kwezvematongerwo enyika nekuvhura, uye kutora chikamu mukusarudzwa kwevatungamiri venyika pamatanho ese pasi pemutemo" wenyika dzakasiyana siyana.

11. Kuenzaniswa kweMitemo yeBumbiro reMitemo nemitemo inokwikwidza yesimba remitemo mukuvaka sangano repamutemo repasi rose renyika dzakasiyana-siyana.

12. Kuenzaniswa kweMitemo yeBumbiro reMitemo nekusimudzira chiKristu (vateveri 2.5 bhiriyoni) sechombo chinopenya chebudiriro inoenderera mberi.

(1) Kuenzaniswa kweMitemo yeBumbiro reMitemo neTestamende Yekare yemubhaibheri yemakore 3,500 sechishandiso chinopenya chebudiriro inoenderera.

(2) Kuenzaniswa kweMitemo yeBumbiro reMitemo neTestamende Itsva yemubhaibheri yave nemakore 2 000 sechishandiso chinopenya chebudiriro inopfuurira.

(3) Kuenzaniswa kweBumbiro reMitemo nezvirevo zvakakosha zve“World Peace Day Proclamation” mumakore zana apfuura.

(4) Kuenzaniswa kweBumbiro reMitemo nezvinyorwa zvinoda kusvika zviuru zvina zviri muPontifical Gazette yaPope Francis.

13. Kuenzaniswa kweBumbiro reMitemo neIslam (1.9 bhiriyoni vateveri) sechombo chinovhenekera chekuenderera mberi kwebudiriro.

(1) Kuenzaniswa kweBumbiro reBumbiro reMitemo neKorani sechombo chinovhenekera chekuenderera mberi kwebudiriro kubvira 609 AD.

(2) Kuenzaniswa kweBumbiro reBumbiro reMitemo neHadith sechinhu chinopenya chekusimudzira budiriro kubvira 800 AD.

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15. Kuenzaniswa kweBumbiro reMitemo nechiBuddha—Tibetan Buddhism (vateveri vane mamiriyoni 500) sechishandiso chinopenya chebudiriro inopfuurira.

(1) Kuenzaniswa kweBumbiro reBumbiro reMitemo neTripitaka sechishandiso chinopenya chebudiriro inoenderera mberi

(2) Kuenzaniswa kweConstitutional Standard neGazette uye Tibetan Buddhist Venerable Dalai Lama uye mamwe maturusi anopenya erunyararo rwepasi rose.

16. Kuenzaniswa kweConstitutional Standard neBhaibheri reOrthodox sechishandiso chinopenya chebudiriro inoenderera.

(1) Kuenzaniswa kweBumbiro reBumbiro reMitemo neTestamende Yekare yeBhaibheri reOrthodox sechishandiso chinopenya chebudiriro inopfuurira.

(2) Kuenzaniswa kweBumbiro reBumbiro reMitemo neTestamende Itsva yeBhaibheri reOrthodox sechishandiso chinopenya chebudiriro inopfuurira.

17. Kuenzaniswa kweBumbiro reMitemo neTorah yechiJudha sechombo chinopenya chekuenderera mberi kwebudiriro.

18. Kuenzaniswa kweBumbiro reMitemo nezvirevo zvakakosha zveNobel Peace Prize

19. Zvisungo zvebumbiro remitemo yenyika dzakasiyana-siyana zvinobvumira kushandiswa zvisina kunaka kwerusununguko kurwisa rusununguko uye democracy.

20. Statistics on the democracy index pamusoro pemakore 2008 kusvika 2021 (dzinokwana nyika makumi matatu nembiri)

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(1) Kuenzaniswa kweChitemo cheBumbiro reMitemo nezvinodiwa nehurongwa hwemutungamiri wenyika

(2) Kuenzaniswa kweChitemo cheBumbiro reMitemo nezvinodiwa zvechikamu chemutungamiri wenyika

(3) Kuenzaniswa kweMitemo yeBumbiro reMitemo nezvinopihwa nedare reparamende (cabinet).

(4) Kuenzaniswa kweChimiro cheBumbiro reMitemo nezvinodiwa zvehurongwa hwekutungamira

Nezvedu

Iyo Thangka yakasainwa neHutsvene Hwake iyo 14th Dalai Lama yeSangano.

Mapikicha echiitiko

Kurudziro uye Mibairo kune Co-Vavambi veRugare Runyararo System kuvanhu

Yakashandura Bumbiro reBumbiro remitemo mumitauro yenyika

Yakaturikira Bumbiro reBumbiro reMitemo mushanduro dzemitauro yehurumende yega yega yehurumende, purovhinzi, dunhu, kanzuru.

*Mipiro inogamuchirwa, uye chinyorwa chine udzame chichapihwa (Sarudza hard copy yeChinese version neChirungu. Kana kuti maelectronic versions emimwe mitauro.)