Charts

Appendix Chart 1: Global Levels of Laws
Level	Legal Reservations	Content of Reservations	Practical Examples
One	Reserved for Natural Law	Human rights are god-given, not bestowed by human beings	Cyrus Minor (539 BC) / Magna Carta (1215) / US Declaration of Independence (1776) / French Declaration on the Rights of Peoples and Citizens (1789) / Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
Two	Reserved for Absolute Law, Impact International Law	General international law	Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (§53): A treaty which is invalidated by absolute law when it is concluded shall have no effect." E.g., the crime of harming a crowd of people.
Three	Reserved for International Law, Legislation-related International Law	Habits, treaties, general legal principles, fair and good principles, judicial precedents	Law of the Sea / National Territory / Nationality, Individual and Human Rights / Jurisdiction / Immunity / State Responsibility / International Organizations / Peaceful Settlement of International Conflicts and Disputes / Use of Force and International Humanitarian Law
Four	Reserved for the People	Right to draft and amend constitutions	The Ukrainian Constitution (§5) states that the right to draft and amend the Constitution belongs only to the people. Neither the state nor its organs nor civil servants shall infringe upon this right.
Five	Reserved for Constitution	State powers regulated by the Constitution to protect the rights of the people	Constitution of the R.O.C. (§8): Citizens may not be arrested or detained without judicial or police authorization in accordance with the law, and must be transferred to a court within 24 hours...etc.
Six	Reserved for Absolute Law and Contractual International Law	Criminal justice: International Treaties and Agreements / Entry and Exit Rules	Criminal Law (§1): Penalties for conduct are limited to those expressly delineated in the code of conduct. The same applies to security measures that restrict personal liberty. None may not be authorized through executive orders.
Seven	Reserved for Related Laws	Specific clarification of legal authority of commissions	Administrative Procedural Laws (§150) Regulatory order specifically stipulated by the law, which may be specifically authorized by orders. E.g., road traffic safety rules.
Eight	Matters Not Covered by Laws	Executive orders	Administrative Procedural Laws (§ 159) Administrative rules to implement detailed and technical matters of the law. E.g., farmers seeking better loan conditions and standards to improve aquacultural farming.

Appendix Chart 2:The length of term and total number of members-US Federal congressman and State Representatives
State	Type	Amount of members	Term(yr)	Source of law
Alabama	Federal congressman	7	2	US constitution §1.2
Alabama	State Representatives	105	4	§4.46
Alaska	Federal congressman	1	2	US constitution §1.2
Alaska	State Representatives	40	2	§2
Arizona	Federal congressman	9	2	US constitution §1.2
Arizona	State Representatives	60	2	§4.2.1
Arkansas	Federal congressman	4	2	US constitution §1.2
Arkansas	State Representatives	100	2	§5.3,§8.6
California	Federal congressman	53	2	US constitution §1.2
California	State Representatives	80	2	§4
Colorado	Federal congressman	7	2	US constitution §1.2
Colorado	State Representatives	124	2	§5.2,§5.3
Connecticut	Federal congressman	5	2	US constitution §1.2
Connecticut	State Representatives	151	2	§3
Delaware	Federal congressman	1	2	US constitution §1.2
Delaware	State Representatives	41	2	§3.1
Florida	Federal congressman	27	2	US constitution §1.2
Florida	State Representatives	150	2	§3.15
Georgia	Federal congressman	14	2	US constitution §1.2
Georgia	State Representatives	180	2	§3.2
Hawaii	Federal congressman	2	2	US constitution §1.2
Hawaii	State Representatives	51	2	§3.2
Idaho	Federal congressman	2	2	US constitution §1.2
Idaho	State Representatives	70	2	§4
Illinois	Federal congressman	18	2	US constitution §1.2
Illinois	State Representatives	118	2	§4.1
Indiana	Federal congressman	9	2	US constitution §1.2
Indiana	State Representatives	100	2	§4.1
Iowa	Federal congressman	4	2	US constitution §1.2
Iowa	State Representatives	100	2	§3
Kansas	Federal congressman	4	2	US constitution §1.2
Kansas	State Representatives	125	2	§2.2
Kentucky	Federal congressman	6	2	US constitution §1.2
Kentucky	State Representatives	100	2	§29
Louisiana	Federal congressman	6	2	US constitution §1.2
Louisiana	State Representatives	105	4	§3.3
Maine	Federal congressman	2	2	US constitution §1.2
Maine	State Representatives	154	2	§4
Maryland	Federal congressman	8	2	US constitution §1.2
Maryland	State Representatives	141	4	§3.3
Massachusetts	Federal congressman	9	2	US constitution §1.2
Massachusetts	State Representatives	160	2	§1.3.1
Michigan	Federal congressman	14	2	US constitution §1.2
Michigan	State Representatives	110	2	§4
Minnesota	Federal congressman	8	2	US constitution §1.2
Minnesota	State Representatives	134	2	§4.6
Mississippi	Federal congressman	4	2	US constitution §1.2
Mississippi	State Representatives	122	4	§5
Missouri	Federal congressman	8	2	US constitution §1.2
Missouri	State Representatives	163	2	§3.2
Montana	Federal congressman	1	2	US constitution §1.2
Montana	State Representatives	100	2	§5
Nebraska	Federal congressman	3	2	US constitution §1.2
Nebraska	State Representatives	‐	‐	‐
Nevada	Federal congressman	4	2	US constitution §1.2
Nevada	State Representatives	42	2	§4
New Hampshire	Federal congressman	2	2	US constitution §1.2
New Hampshire	State Representatives	400	2	Part 2, New Hampshire Constitution
New Jersey	Federal congressman	12	2	US constitution §1.2
New Jersey	State Representatives	80	2	§4
New Mexico	Federal congressman	3	2	US constitution §1.2
New Mexico	State Representatives	70	2	§4
New York	Federal congressman	27	2	US constitution §1.2
New York	State Representatives	150	2	§3.2
North Carolina	Federal congressman	13	2	US constitution §1.2
North Carolina	State Representatives	120	2	§2.4
North Dakota	Federal congressman	1	2	US constitution §1.2
North Dakota	State Representatives	94	4	§4.1
Ohio	Federal congressman	16	2	US constitution §1.2
Ohio	State Representatives	99	2	§2.2
Oklahoma	Federal congressman	5	2	US constitution §1.2
Oklahoma	State Representatives	101	2	§5
Oregon	Federal congressman	5	2	US constitution §1.2
Oregon	State Representatives	34	2	§4.2、§4.3
Pennsylvania	Federal congressman	18	2	US constitution §1.2
Pennsylvania	State Representatives	203	2	§2
Rhode Island	Federal congressman	2	2	US constitution §1.2
Rhode Island	State Representatives	75	2	§6
South Carolina	Federal congressman	7	2	US constitution §1.2
South Carolina	State Representatives	124	2	§3.10
South Dakota	Federal congressman	1	2	US constitution §1.2
South Dakota	State Representatives	70	2	§3.1,§3.2
Tennessee	Federal congressman	9	2	US constitution §1.2
Tennessee	State Representatives	99	2	§2.4
Texas	Federal congressman	36	2	US constitution §1.2
Texas	State Representatives	150	2	§3
Utah	Federal congressman	4	2	US constitution §1.2
Utah	State Representatives	75	2	§9.2
Vermont	Federal congressman	1	2	US constitution §1.2
Vermont	State Representatives	150	2	§13
Virginia	Federal congressman	11	2	US constitution §1.2
Virginia	State Representatives	100	2	§4
Washington	Federal congressman	10	2	US constitution §1.2
Washington	State Representatives	98	2	§2.2
West Virginia	Federal congressman	3	2	US constitution §1.2
West Virginia	State Representatives	65	2	§6.3
Wisconsin	Federal congressman	8	2	US constitution §1.2
Wisconsin	State Representatives	99	2	§4.4
Wyoming	Federal congressman	1	2	US constitution §1.2
Wyoming	State Representatives	60	2	§3
Washington, D.C.	Federal congressman	‐	‐	‐
Washington, D.C.	State Representatives	‐	‐	‐
Editor:Permanent Peace Partnership，Source:Ballotpedia, https://ballotpedia.org

Appendix Chart 3:The length of term and total number of members-US Federal senator and State senator
State	Type	Total number of members	Term(yr)	Source of law
Alabama	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Alabama	State Representatives	35	4	§4.46
Alaska	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Alaska	State Representatives	20	4	§2
Arizona	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Arizona	State Representatives	30	2	§4.2.1
Arkansas	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Arkansas	State Representatives	35	4	§5.2,§8.6
California	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
California	State Representatives	40	4	§4
Colorado	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Colorado	State Representatives	46	4	§5.2,§5.3
Connecticut	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Connecticut	State Representatives	36	2	§3
Delaware	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Delaware	State Representatives	21	4	§3.1
Florida	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Florida	State Representatives	67	4	§3.15
Georgia	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Georgia	State Representatives	56	2	§3.2
Hawaii	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Hawaii	State Representatives	25	4	§3.2
Idaho	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Idaho	State Representatives	35	2	§4
Illinois	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Illinois	State Representatives	59	4	§4.1
Indiana	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Indiana	State Representatives	50	4	§4.1
Iowa	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Iowa	State Representatives	50	4	§3
Kansas	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Kansas	State Representatives	40	4	§2.2
Kentucky	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Kentucky	State Representatives	38	4	§29
Louisiana	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Louisiana	State Representatives	39	4	§3.3
Maine	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Maine	State Representatives	35	2	§4
Maryland	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Maryland	State Representatives	47	4	§3.3
Massachusetts	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Massachusetts	State Representatives	40	2	§1.2.1
Michigan	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Michigan	State Representatives	38	4	§4
Minnesota	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Minnesota	State Representatives	67	4	§4.6
Mississippi	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Mississippi	State Representatives	52	4	§5
Missouri	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Missouri	State Representatives	34	4	§3.5
Montana	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Montana	State Representatives	50	4	§5
Nebraska	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Nebraska	State Representatives	49	4	§3.7
Nevada	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Nevada	State Representatives	21	4	§4
New Hampshire	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
New Hampshire	State Representatives	24	2	§3.3
New Jersey	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
New Jersey	State Representatives	40	4	§4
New Mexico	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
New Mexico	State Representatives	42	4	§4
New York	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
New York	State Representatives	50	2	§3.2
North Carolina	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
North Carolina	State Representatives	50	2	§2.2
North Dakota	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
North Dakota	State Representatives	47	4	§4.1
Ohio	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Ohio	State Representatives	33	4	§2.2
Oklahoma	Federal congressman	2	‐	US constitution §1.3
Oklahoma	State Representatives	48	4	§5
Oregon	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Oregon	State Representatives	16	4	§4.2、§4.3
Pennsylvania	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Pennsylvania	State Representatives	50	4	§2
Rhode Island	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Rhode Island	State Representatives	38	2	§6
South Carolina	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
South Carolina	State Representatives	46	4	§3.10
South Dakota	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
South Dakota	State Representatives	35	2	§3.1,§3.2
Tennessee	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Tennessee	State Representatives	33	4	§2.3
Texas	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Texas	State Representatives	31	4	§3
Utah	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Utah	State Representatives	29	4	§9.2
Vermont	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Vermont	State Representatives	30	2	§18
Virginia	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Virginia	State Representatives	40	4	§4
Washington	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Washington	State Representatives	49	4	§2.2
West Virginia	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
West Virginia	State Representatives	24	4	§6.3
Wisconsin	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Wisconsin	State Representatives	33	4	§4.5
Wisconsin	Federal congressman	2	6	US constitution §1.3
Wisconsin	State Representatives	30	4	§3
Washington, D.C.	Federal congressman	‐	‐	‐
Washington, D.C.	State Representatives	‐	‐	‐
Editor:Permanent Peace Partnership，Source:Ballotpedia, https://ballotpedia.org

Appendix Chart 4: 1990-2015 Frequency of Switzerland’s referendum From 1990 to 2015 Switzerland’s referendum has been held 240 times, about 10 times a year (not include national election, local election and local referendum).
Year	Number of times	Average time
1990-1999	100	10.00
2000-2009	91	9.10
2010-2015	49	8.17
Total	240	9.23
Editor:Permanent Peace Partnership ◎Source:http://www.admin.ch/ch/f/pore/va/vab_2_2_4_1_gesamt.html

Appendix Chart 5: 1990-2015 statistics of Switzerland’s referendum
State	Type of referendum	Year	Number of times	State	Type of referendum	Year	Number of times
Zurich	Initiative	1990-1999	35	Zurich	Compulsory referendum	2000-2009	27
	Initiative on different verison of act	1990-1999	4		Optional referendum	2000-2009	15
	Compulsory referendum	1990-1999	109		Initiative	2010-2015	24
	Optional referendum	1990-1999	3		Initiative on different verison of act	2010-2015	11
	Initiative	2000-2009	19		Compulsory referendum	2010-2015	8
	Initiative on different verison of act	2000-2009	5		Optional referendum	2010-2015	15
Bern	Initiative	1990-1999	11	Lucerne	Initiative	1990-1999	18
Bern	Initiative on different verison of act	1990-1999	1	Lucerne	Initiative on different verison of act	1990-1999	7
Bern	Compulsory referendum	1990-1999	23	Lucerne	Compulsory referendum	1990-1999	9
Bern	Optional referendum	1990-1999	11	Lucerne	Optional referendum	1990-1999	1
Bern	Initiative	2000-2009	7	Lucerne	Initiative	2000-2009	23
Bern	Initiative on different verison of law	2000-2009	0	Lucerne	Initiative on different verison of act	2000-2009	12
Bern	Compulsory referendum	2000-2009	19	Lucerne	Compulsory referendum	2000-2009	8
Bern	Optional referendum	2000-2009	9	Lucerne	Optional referendum	2000-2009	4
Bern	Initiative	2010-2015	8	Lucerne	Initiative	2010-2015	7
Bern	Initiative on different verison of act	2010-2015	2	Lucerne	Initiative on different verison of act	2010-2015	8
Bern	Compulsory referendum	2010-2015	4	Lucerne	Compulsory referendum	2010-2015	7
Bern	Optional referendum	2010-2015	6	Lucerne	Optional referendum	2010-2015	3
Uri	Initiative	1990-1999	3	Schwyz	Initiative	1990-1999	3
Uri	Initiative on different verison of act	1990-1999	1	Schwyz	Initiative on different verison of act	1990-1999	1
Uri	Compulsory referendum	1990-1999	50	Schwyz	Compulsory referendum	1990-1999	37
Uri	Optional referendum	1990-1999	4	Schwyz	Optional referendum	1990-1999	4
Uri	Initiative	2000-2009	4	Schwyz	Initiative	2000-2009	5
Uri	Initiative on different verison of act	2000-2009	0	Schwyz	Initiative on different verison of act	2000-2009	0
Uri	Compulsory referendum	2000-2009	45	Schwyz	Compulsory referendum	2000-2009	43
Uri	Optional referendum	2000-2009	5	Schwyz	Optional referendum	2000-2009	3
Uri	Initiative	2010-2015	3	Schwyz	Initiative	2010-2015	6
Uri	Initiative on different verison of act	2010-2015	1	Schwyz	Initiative on different verison of act	2010-2015	1
Uri	Compulsory referendum	2010-2015	29	Schwyz	Compulsory referendum	2010-2015	13
Uri	Optional referendum	2010-2015	2	Schwyz	Optional referendum	2010-2015	1
Obwalden	Initiative	1990-1999	0	Nidwalden	Initiative	1990-1999	4
Obwalden	Initiative on different verison of act	1990-1999	0	Nidwalden	Initiative on different verison of act	1990-1999	1
Obwalden	Compulsory referendum	1990-1999	1	Nidwalden	Compulsory referendum	1990-1999	8
Obwalden	Optional referendum	1990-1999	0	Nidwalden	Optional referendum	1990-1999	4
Obwalden	Initiative	2000-2009	2	Nidwalden	Initiative	2000-2009	8
Obwalden	Initiative on different verison of act	2000-2009	0	Nidwalden	Initiative on different verison of act	2000-2009	0
Obwalden	Compulsory referendum	2000-2009	14	Nidwalden	Compulsory referendum	2000-2009	3
Obwalden	Optional referendum	2000-2009	7	Nidwalden	Optional referendum	2000-2009	7
Obwalden	Initiative	2010-2015	2	Nidwalden	Initiative	2010-2015	5
Obwalden	Initiative on different verison of act	2010-2015	2	Nidwalden	Initiative on different verison of act	2010-2015	1
Obwalden	Compulsory referendum	2010-2015	3	Nidwalden	Compulsory referendum	2010-2015	1
Obwalden	Optional referendum	2010-2015	3	Nidwalden	Optional referendum	2010-2015	3
Glarus	Initiative	1990-1999	0	Zug	Initiative	1990-1999	21
Glarus	Initiative on different verison of act	1990-1999	0	Zug	Initiative on different verison of act	1990-1999	4
Glarus	Compulsory referendum	1990-1999	0	Zug	Compulsory referendum	1990-1999	6
Glarus	Optional referendum	1990-1999	0	Zug	Optional referendum	1990-1999	4
Glarus	Initiative	2000-2009	0	Zug	Initiative	2000-2009	15
Glarus	Initiative on different verison of act	2000-2009	0	Zug	Initiative on different verison of act	2000-2009	6
Glarus	Compulsory referendum	2000-2009	0	Zug	Compulsory referendum	2000-2009	8
Glarus	Optional referendum	2000-2009	0	Zug	Optional referendum	2000-2009	3
Glarus	Initiative	2010-2015	0	Zug	Initiative	2010-2015	17
Glarus	Initiative on different verison of act	2010-2015	0	Zug	Initiative on different verison of act	2010-2015	3
Glarus	Compulsory referendum	2010-2015	0	Zug	Compulsory referendum	2010-2015	1
Glarus	Optional referendum	2010-2015	0	Zug	Optional referendum	2010-2015	2
Fribourg	Initiative	1990-1999	4	Solothurn	Initiative	1990-1999	4
Fribourg	Initiative on different verison of act	1990-1999	0	Solothurn	Initiative on different verison of act	1990-1999	1
Fribourg	Compulsory referendum	1990-1999	12	Solothurn	Compulsory referendum	1990-1999	84
Fribourg	Optional referendum	1990-1999	5	Solothurn	Optional referendum	1990-1999	7
Fribourg	Initiative	2000-2009	2	Solothurn	Initiative	2000-2009	7
Fribourg	Initiative on different verison of act	2000-2009	1	Solothurn	Initiative on different verison of act	2000-2009	2
Fribourg	Compulsory referendum	2000-2009	7	Solothurn	Compulsory referendum	2000-2009	33
Fribourg	Optional referendum	2000-2009	6	Solothurn	Optional referendum	2000-2009	8
Fribourg	Initiative	2010-2015	0	Solothurn	Initiative	2010-2015	6
Fribourg	Initiative on different verison of act	2010-2015	0	Solothurn	Initiative on different verison of act	2010-2015	0
Fribourg	Compulsory referendum	2010-2015	4	Solothurn	Compulsory referendum	2010-2015	20
Fribourg	Optional referendum	2010-2015	2	Solothurn	Optional referendum	2010-2015	6
Basel-Stadt	Initiative	1990-1999	16	Basel-Landschaft	Initiative	1990-1999	11
Basel-Stadt	Initiative on different verison of act	1990-1999	4	Basel-Landschaft	Initiative on different verison of act	1990-1999	5
Basel-Stadt	Compulsory referendum	1990-1999	11	Basel-Landschaft	Compulsory referendum	1990-1999	79
Basel-Stadt	Optional referendum	1990-1999	25	Basel-Landschaft	Optional referendum	1990-1999	16
Basel-Stadt	Initiative	2000-2009	14	Basel-Landschaft	Initiative	2000-2009	19
Basel-Stadt	Initiative on different verison of act	2000-2009	3	Basel-Landschaft	Initiative on different verison of act	2000-2009	3
Basel-Stadt	Compulsory referendum	2000-2009	5	Basel-Landschaft	Compulsory referendum	2000-2009	40
Basel-Stadt	Optional referendum	2000-2009	18	Basel-Landschaft	Optional referendum	2000-2009	6
Basel-Stadt	Initiative	2010-2015	18	Basel-Landschaft	Initiative	2010-2015	13
Basel-Stadt	Initiative on different verison of act	2010-2015	11	Basel-Landschaft	Initiative on different verison of act	2010-2015	5
Basel-Stadt	Compulsory referendum	2010-2015	4	Basel-Landschaft	Compulsory referendum	2010-2015	30
Basel-Stadt	Optional referendum	2010-2015	12	Basel-Landschaft	Optional referendum	2010-2015	2
Schaffhausen	Initiative	1990-1999	10	Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Initiative	1990-1999	0
Schaffhausen	Initiative on different verison of act	1990-1999	1	Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Initiative on different verison of act	1990-1999	0
Schaffhausen	Compulsory referendum	1990-1999	76	Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Compulsory referendum	1990-1999	10
Schaffhausen	Optional referendum	1990-1999	0	Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Optional referendum	1990-1999	0
Schaffhausen	Initiative	2000-2009	7	Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Initiative	2000-2009	3
Schaffhausen	Initiative on different verison of act	2000-2009	0	Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Initiative on different verison of act	2000-2009	1
Schaffhausen	Compulsory referendum	2000-2009	50	Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Compulsory referendum	2000-2009	7
Schaffhausen	Optional referendum	2000-2009	0	Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Optional referendum	2000-2009	6
Schaffhausen	Initiative	2010-2015	7	Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Initiative	2010-2015	3
Schaffhausen	Initiative on different verison of act	2010-2015	1	Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Initiative on different verison of act	2010-2015	1
Schaffhausen	Compulsory referendum	2010-2015	15	Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Compulsory referendum	2010-2015	4
Schaffhausen	Optional referendum	2010-2015	2	Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Optional referendum	2010-2015	1
Appenzell Innerrhoden	Initiative	1990-1999	0	St. Gallen	Initiative	1990-1999	3
Appenzell Innerrhoden	Initiative on different verison of act	1990-1999	0	St. Gallen	Initiative on different verison of act	1990-1999	0
Appenzell Innerrhoden	Compulsory referendum	1990-1999	0	St. Gallen	Compulsory referendum	1990-1999	28
Appenzell Innerrhoden	Optional referendum	1990-1999	0	St. Gallen	Optional referendum	1990-1999	10
Appenzell Innerrhoden	Initiative	2000-2009	0	St. Gallen	Initiative	2000-2009	8
Appenzell Innerrhoden	Initiative on different verison of act	2000-2009	0	St. Gallen	Initiative on different verison of act	2000-2009	0
Appenzell Innerrhoden	Compulsory referendum	2000-2009	0	St. Gallen	Compulsory referendum	2000-2009	27
Appenzell Innerrhoden	Optional referendum	2000-2009	0	St. Gallen	Optional referendum	2000-2009	9
Appenzell Innerrhoden	Initiative	2010-2015	0	St. Gallen	Initiative	2010-2015	3
Appenzell Innerrhoden	Initiative on different verison of act	2010-2015	0	St. Gallen	Initiative on different verison of act	2010-2015	1
Appenzell Innerrhoden	Compulsory referendum	2010-2015	0	St. Gallen	Compulsory referendum	2010-2015	14
Appenzell Innerrhoden	Optional referendum	2010-2015	0	St. Gallen	Optional referendum	2010-2015	2
Grisons	Initiative	1990-1999	66	Allgaeu	Initiative	1990-1999	10
Grisons	Initiative on different verison of act	1990-1999	3	Allgaeu	Initiative on different verison of act	1990-1999	1
Grisons	Compulsory referendum	1990-1999	1	Allgaeu	Compulsory referendum	1990-1999	44
Grisons	Optional referendum	1990-1999	1	Allgaeu	Optional referendum	1990-1999	0
Grisons	Initiative	2000-2009	51	Allgaeu	Initiative	2000-2009	8
Grisons	Initiative on different verison of act	2000-2009	5	Allgaeu	Initiative on different verison of act	2000-2009	0
Grisons	Compulsory referendum	2000-2009	6	Allgaeu	Compulsory referendum	2000-2009	55
Grisons	Optional referendum	2000-2009	1	Allgaeu	Optional referendum	2000-2009	2
Grisons	Initiative	2010-2015	8	Allgaeu	Initiative	2010-2015	9
Grisons	Initiative on different verison of act	2010-2015	3	Allgaeu	Initiative on different verison of act	2010-2015	0
Grisons	Compulsory referendum	2010-2015	3	Allgaeu	Compulsory referendum	2010-2015	10
Grisons	Optional referendum	2010-2015	2	Allgaeu	Optional referendum	2010-2015	5
Thurgau	Initiative	1990-1999	2	Ticino	Initiative	1990-1999	7
Thurgau	Initiative on different verison of act	1990-1999	0	Ticino	Initiative on different verison of act	1990-1999	0
Thurgau	Compulsory referendum	1990-1999	21	Ticino	Compulsory referendum	1990-1999	3
Thurgau	Optional referendum	1990-1999	8	Ticino	Optional referendum	1990-1999	8
Thurgau	Initiative	2000-2009	2	Ticino	Initiative	2000-2009	7
Thurgau	Initiative on different verison of act	2000-2009	1	Ticino	Initiative on different verison of act	2000-2009	3
Thurgau	Compulsory referendum	2000-2009	19	Ticino	Compulsory referendum	2000-2009	9
Thurgau	Optional referendum	2000-2009	3	Ticino	Optional referendum	2000-2009	13
Thurgau	Initiative	2010-2015	4	Ticino	Initiative	2010-2015	7
Thurgau	Initiative on different verison of act	2010-2015	1	Ticino	Initiative on different verison of act	2010-2015	2
Thurgau	Compulsory referendum	2010-2015	4	Ticino	Compulsory referendum	2010-2015	6
Thurgau	Optional referendum	2010-2015	3	Ticino	Optional referendum	2010-2015	8
Vaud	Initiative	1990-1999	10	Valais	Initiative	1990-1999	28
Vaud	Initiative on different verison of act	1990-1999	0	Valais	Initiative on different verison of act	1990-1999	4
Vaud	Compulsory referendum	1990-1999	12	Valais	Compulsory referendum	1990-1999	3
Vaud	Optional referendum	1990-1999	4	Valais	Optional referendum	1990-1999	1
Vaud	Initiative	2000-2009	9	Valais	Initiative	2000-2009	5
Vaud	Initiative on different verison of act	2000-2009	1	Valais	Initiative on different verison of act	2000-2009	1
Vaud	Compulsory referendum	2000-2009	11	Valais	Compulsory referendum	2000-2009	2
Vaud	Optional referendum	2000-2009	15	Valais	Optional referendum	2000-2009	1
Vaud	Initiative	2010-2015	5	Valais	Initiative	2010-2015	0
Vaud	Initiative on different verison of act	2010-2015	3	Valais	Initiative on different verison of act	2010-2015	3
Vaud	Compulsory referendum	2010-2015	8	Valais	Compulsory referendum	2010-2015	3
Vaud	Optional referendum	2010-2015	2	Valais	Optional referendum	2010-2015	1
Neuchatel	Initiative	1990-1999	1	Geneva	Initiative	1990-1999	18
Neuchatel	Initiative on different verison of act	1990-1999	0	Geneva	Initiative on different verison of act	1990-1999	15
Neuchatel	Compulsory referendum	1990-1999	21	Geneva	Compulsory referendum	1990-1999	12
Neuchatel	Optional referendum	1990-1999	6	Geneva	Optional referendum	1990-1999	10
Neuchatel	Initiative	2000-2009	4	Geneva	Initiative	2000-2009	56
Neuchatel	Initiative on different verison of act	2000-2009	2	Geneva	Initiative on different verison of act	2000-2009	14
Neuchatel	Compulsory referendum	2000-2009	7	Geneva	Compulsory referendum	2000-2009	14
Neuchatel	Optional referendum	2000-2009	8	Geneva	Optional referendum	2000-2009	19
Neuchatel	Initiative	2010-2015	5	Geneva	Initiative	2010-2015	17
Neuchatel	Initiative on different verison of act	2010-2015	3	Geneva	Initiative on different verison of act	2010-2015	4
Neuchatel	Compulsory referendum	2010-2015	6	Geneva	Compulsory referendum	2010-2015	12
Neuchatel	Optional referendum	2010-2015	5	Geneva	Optional referendum	2010-2015	6
Editor:Permanent Peace Partnership ◎Source: Centre for Research on Direct Democracy,website:http://www.c2d.ch/。

Appendix Chart 6: Result of Switzerland’s National Election
Type of congress	Year	Total number of members	Source of constitution
Council of States	2015	46	§145,§150
National Council	2015	200	§145,§149
Federal Council	2015	7	§145
Council of States	2011	46	§145,§150
National Council	2011	200	§145,§149
Federal Council	2011	7	§145
Council of States	2007	46	§145,§150
National Council	2007	200	§145,§149
Federal Council	2007	7	§145
Council of States	2003	46	§145,§150
National Council	2003	200	§145,§149
Federal Council	2003	7	§145
Council of States	1999	46	§145,§150
National Council	1999	200	§145,§149
Federal Council	1999	7	§145
Council of States	1995	46	§145,§150
National Council	1995	200	§145,§149
Federal Council	1995	7	§145
Council of States	1991	46	§145,§150
National Council	1991	200	§145,§149
Federal Council	1991	7	§145
Editor:Permanent Peace Partnershoip。◎Source:The Federal Council https://www.admin.ch/gov/de/start.html。

Appendix Chart 7: Swiss-level local (Cantone) election voting statistics
Canton	Public officials	Year	Number	Term	Source
Zürich	Cantonal Parliament	2015	60	4	§14,§66,§85
Zürich	Justice	/	1	4	§80
Zürich	Cantonal Council	2015	7	4	§61.1
Zürich	Cantonal Parliament	2011	60	4	§14,§66,§85
Zürich	Justice	/	1	4	§80
Zürich	Cantonal Council	2011	7	4	§61.1
Zürich	Cantonal Parliament	2007	60	4	§14,§66,§85
Zürich	Justice	/	1	4	§80
Zürich	Cantonal Council	2007	7	4	§61.1
Zürich	Cantonal Parliament	2003	60	4	§14,§66,§85
Zürich	Justice	/	1	4	§80
Zürich	Cantonal Council	2003	7	4	§61.1
Zürich	Cantonal Parliament	1999	60	4	§14,§66,§85
Zürich	Justice	/	1	4	§80
Zürich	Cantonal Council	1999	7	4	§61.1
Zürich	Cantonal Parliament	1995	60	4	§14,§66,§85
Zürich	Justice	/	1	4	§80
Zürich	Cantonal Council	1995	7	4	§61.1
Zürich	Cantonal Parliament	1991	60	4	§14,§66,§85
Zürich	Justice	/	1	4	§80
Zürich	Cantonal Council	1991	7	4	§61.1
Bern	Cantonal Parliament	2018	55	4	§48.1,§66
Bern	Cantonal Council	2018	7	4	§84,§85
Bern	Cantonal Parliament	2014	55	4	§48.1,§66
Bern	Cantonal Council	2014	7	4	§84,§85
Bern	Cantonal Parliament	2010	55	4	§48.1,§66
Bern	Cantonal Council	2010	7	4	§84,§85
Bern	Cantonal Parliament	2006	55	4	§48.1,§66
Bern	Cantonal Council	2006	7	4	§84,§85
Bern	Cantonal Parliament	2002	55	4	§48.1,§66
Bern	Cantonal Council	2002	7	4	§84,§85
Bern	Cantonal Parliament	1998	55	4	§48.1,§66
Bern	Cantonal Council	1998	7	4	§84,§85
Bern	Cantonal Parliament	1994	55	4	§48.1,§66
Bern	Cantonal Council	1994	7	4	§84,§85
Luzern	Cantonal Parliament	2015	110	4	§95
Luzern	Justice	/	‐	‐	§30.1
Luzern	Cantonal Council	2015	5	4	§51.1,§51.2
Luzern	Cantonal Parliament	2011	110	4	§95
Luzern	Justice	/	‐	‐	§30.1
Luzern	Cantonal Council	2011	5	4	§51.1,§51.2
Luzern	Cantonal Parliament	2007	110	4	§95
Luzern	Justice	/	‐	‐	§30.1
Luzern	Cantonal Council	2007	5	4	§51.1,§51.2
Luzern	Cantonal Parliament	2003	110	4	§95
Luzern	Justice	/	‐	‐	§30.1
Luzern	Cantonal Council	2003	5	4	§51.1,§51.2
Luzern	Cantonal Parliament	1999	110	4	§95
Luzern	Justice	/	‐	‐	§30.1
Luzern	Cantonal Council	1999	5	4	§51.1,§51.2
Luzern	Cantonal Parliament	1995	110	4	§95
Luzern	Justice	/	‐	‐	§30.1
Luzern	Cantonal Council	1995	5	4	§51.1,§51.2
Luzern	Cantonal Parliament	1991	110	4	§95
Luzern	Justice	/	‐	‐	§30.1
Luzern	Cantonal Council	1991	5	4	§51.1,§51.2
Uri	Cantonal Parliament	2016	64	4	§64,§88.2
Uri	Cantonal Council	2016	7	4	§21,§83,§94,§96
Uri	Justice	/	‐	‐	§21.4
Uri	Cantonal Parliament	2012	64	4	§64,§88.2
Uri	Cantonal Council	2012	7	4	§21,§83,§94,§96
Uri	Justice	/	‐	‐	§21.4
Uri	Cantonal Parliament	2008	64	4	§64,§88.2
Uri	Cantonal Council	2008	7	4	§21,§83,§94,§96
Uri	Justice	/	‐	‐	§21.4
Uri	Cantonal Parliament	2004	64	4	§64,§88.2
Uri	Cantonal Council	2004	7	4	§21,§83,§94,§96
Uri	Justice	/	‐	‐	§21.4
Uri	Cantonal Parliament	2000	64	4	§64,§88.2
Uri	Cantonal Council	2000	7	4	§21,§83,§94,§96
Uri	Justice	/	‐	‐	§21.4
Uri	Cantonal Parliament	1996	64	4	§64,§88.2
Uri	Cantonal Council	1996	7	4	§21,§83,§94,§96
Uri	Justice	/	‐	‐	§21.4
Uri	Cantonal Parliament	1992	64	4	§64,§88.2
Uri	Cantonal Council	1992	7	4	§21,§83,§94,§96
Uri	Justice	/	‐	‐	§21.4
Schwyz	Cantonal Parliament	2016	120	4	§59,§63
Schwyz	Justice	/	‐	‐	§27
Schwyz	Cantonal Parliament	2012	120	4	§59,§63
Schwyz	Justice	/	‐	‐	§27
Schwyz	Cantonal Parliament	2008	120	4	§59,§63
Schwyz	Justice	/	‐	‐	§27
Schwyz	Cantonal Parliament	2004	120	4	§59,§63
Schwyz	Justice	/	‐	‐	§27
Schwyz	Cantonal Parliament	2000	120	4	§59,§63
Schwyz	Justice	/	‐	‐	§27
Schwyz	Cantonal Parliament	1996	120	4	§59,§63
Schwyz	Justice	/	‐	‐	§27
Schwyz	Cantonal Parliament	1992	120	4	§59,§63
Schwyz	Justice	/	‐	‐	§27
Obwalden	Cantonal Parliament	2018	90	4	§61
Obwalden	Cantonal Council	2018	5	4	§74,§76
Obwalden	Cantonal Parliament	2014	90	4	§61
Obwalden	Cantonal Council	2014	5	4	§74,§76
Obwalden	Cantonal Parliament	2010	90	4	§61
Obwalden	Cantonal Council	2010	5	4	§74,§76
Obwalden	Cantonal Parliament	2006	90	4	§61
Obwalden	Cantonal Council	2006	5	4	§74,§76
Obwalden	Cantonal Parliament	2002	90	4	§61
Obwalden	Cantonal Council	2002	5	4	§74,§76
Obwalden	Cantonal Parliament	1998	90	4	§61
Obwalden	Cantonal Council	1998	5	4	§74,§76
Obwalden	Cantonal Parliament	1994	90	4	§61
Obwalden	Cantonal Council	1994	5	4	§74,§76
Nidwalden	Cantonal Parliament	2014	100	4	§80
Nidwalden	Justice	/	‐	‐	§59
Nidwalden	Cantonal Parliament	2010	100	4	§80
Nidwalden	Justice	/	‐	‐	§59
Nidwalden	Cantonal Parliament	2006	100	4	§80
Nidwalden	Justice	/	‐	‐	§59
Nidwalden	Cantonal Parliament	2002	100	4	§80
Nidwalden	Justice	/	‐	‐	§59
Nidwalden	Cantonal Parliament	1998	100	4	§80
Nidwalden	Justice	/	‐	‐	§59
Nidwalden	Cantonal Parliament	1994	100	4	§80
Nidwalden	Justice	/	‐	‐	§59
Nidwalden	Cantonal Parliament	1990	100	4	§80
Nidwalden	Justice	/	‐	‐	§59
Glarus	Cantonal Parliament	2018	80	4	§78
Glarus	Cantonal Council	2018	5	4	§94.1,§78
Glarus	Cantonal Parliament	2014	80	4	§78
Glarus	Cantonal Council	2014	5	4	§94.1,§78
Glarus	Cantonal Parliament	2010	80	4	§78
Glarus	Cantonal Council	2010	5	4	§94.1,§78
Glarus	Cantonal Parliament	2006	80	4	§78
Glarus	Cantonal Council	2006	5	4	§94.1,§78
Glarus	Cantonal Parliament	2002	80	4	§78
Glarus	Cantonal Council	2002	5	4	§94.1,§78
Glarus	Cantonal Parliament	1998	80	4	§78
Glarus	Cantonal Council	1998	5	4	§94.1,§78
Glarus	Cantonal Parliament	1994	80	4	§78
Glarus	Cantonal Council	1994	5	4	§94.1,§78
Zug	Cantonal Parliament	2018	100	4	§81.1
Zug	Justice	/	‐	‐	§31
Zug	Cantonal Council	2018	7	4	§31
Zug	Cantonal Parliament	2014	100	4	§81.1
Zug	Justice	/	‐	‐	§31
Zug	Cantonal Council	2014	7	4	§31
Zug	Cantonal Parliament	2010	100	4	§81.1
Zug	Justice	/	‐	‐	§31
Zug	Cantonal Council	2010	7	4	§31
Zug	Cantonal Parliament	2006	100	4	§81.1
Zug	Justice	/	‐	‐	§31
Zug	Cantonal Council	2006	7	4	§31
Zug	Cantonal Parliament	2002	100	4	§81.1
Zug	Justice	/	‐	‐	§31
Zug	Cantonal Council	2002	7	4	§31
Zug	Cantonal Parliament	1998	100	4	§81.1
Zug	Justice	/	‐	‐	§31
Zug	Cantonal Council	1998	7	4	§31
Zug	Cantonal Parliament	1994	100	4	§81.1
Zug	Justice	/	‐	‐	§31
Zug	Cantonal Council	1994	7	4	§31
Fribourg	Cantonal Parliament	2016	60	5	§42,§45,§57
Fribourg	Cantonal Council	2016	7	5	§106,§107
Fribourg	Cantonal Parliament	2011	60	5	§42,§45,§57
Fribourg	Cantonal Council	2011	7	5	§106,§107
Fribourg	Cantonal Parliament	2006	60	5	§42,§45,§57
Fribourg	Cantonal Council	2006	7	5	§106,§107
Fribourg	Cantonal Parliament	2001	60	5	§42,§45,§57
Fribourg	Cantonal Council	2001	7	5	§106,§107
Fribourg	Cantonal Parliament	1996	60	5	§42,§45,§57
Fribourg	Cantonal Council	1996	7	5	§106,§107
Fribourg	Cantonal Parliament	1991	60	5	§42,§45,§57
Fribourg	Cantonal Council	1991	7	5	§106,§107
Fribourg	Cantonal Parliament	1986	60	5	§42,§45,§57
Fribourg	Cantonal Council	1986	7	5	§106,§107
Solothurn	Cantonal Parliament	2017	120	4	§23,§27.1
Solothurn	Justice	/	‐	‐	§27
Solothurn	Cantonal Council	2017	5	4	§61,§77.1,§77.2
Solothurn	Cantonal Parliament	2013	120	4	§23,§27.1
Solothurn	Justice	/	‐	‐	§27
Solothurn	Cantonal Council	2013	5	4	§61,§77.1,§77.2
Solothurn	Cantonal Parliament	2009	120	4	§23,§27.1
Solothurn	Justice	/	‐	‐	§27
Solothurn	Cantonal Council	2009	5	4	§61,§77.1,§77.2
Solothurn	Cantonal Parliament	2005	120	4	§23,§27.1
Solothurn	Justice	/	‐	‐	§27
Solothurn	Cantonal Council	2005	5	4	§61,§77.1,§77.2
Solothurn	Cantonal Parliament	2001	120	4	§23,§27.1
Solothurn	Justice	/	‐	‐	§27
Solothurn	Cantonal Council	2001	5	4	§61,§77.1,§77.2
Solothurn	Cantonal Parliament	1997	120	4	§23,§27.1
Solothurn	Justice	/	‐	‐	§27
Solothurn	Cantonal Council	1997	5	4	§61,§77.1,§77.2
Solothurn	Cantonal Parliament	1993	120	4	§23,§27.1
Solothurn	Justice	/	‐	‐	§27
Solothurn	Cantonal Council	1993	5	4	§61,§77.1,§77.2
Basel-Stadt	Cantonal Parliament	2016	100	4	§43.1,§47.2
Basel-Stadt	Cantonal Council	2016	5	4	§101.1,§101.2
Basel-Stadt	Cantonal Parliament	2012	100	4	§43.1,§47.2
Basel-Stadt	Cantonal Council	2012	5	4	§101.1,§101.2
Basel-Stadt	Cantonal Parliament	2008	100	4	§43.1,§47.2
Basel-Stadt	Cantonal Council	2008	5	4	§101.1,§101.2
Basel-Stadt	Cantonal Parliament	2004	100	4	§43.1,§47.2
Basel-Stadt	Cantonal Council	2004	5	4	§101.1,§101.2
Basel-Stadt	Cantonal Parliament	2000	100	4	§43.1,§47.2
Basel-Stadt	Cantonal Council	2000	5	4	§101.1,§101.2
Basel-Stadt	Cantonal Parliament	1996	100	4	§43.1,§47.2
Basel-Stadt	Cantonal Council	1996	5	4	§101.1,§101.2
Basel-Stadt	Cantonal Parliament	1992	100	4	§43.1,§47.2
Basel-Stadt	Cantonal Council	1992	5	4	§101.1,§101.2
Basel-Landschaft	Cantonal Parliament	2015	64	4	§64,§88.2
Basel-Landschaft	Justice	/	‐	‐	§50
Basel-Landschaft	Cantonal Council	2015	5	4	§24,§25
Basel-Landschaft	Cantonal Parliament	2011	64	4	§64,§88.2
Basel-Landschaft	Justice	/	‐	‐	§50
Basel-Landschaft	Cantonal Council	2011	5	4	§24,§25
Basel-Landschaft	Cantonal Parliament	2007	64	4	§64,§88.2
Basel-Landschaft	Justice	/	‐	‐	§50
Basel-Landschaft	Cantonal Council	2007	5	4	§24,§25
Basel-Landschaft	Cantonal Parliament	2003	64	4	§64,§88.2
Basel-Landschaft	Justice	/	‐	‐	§50
Basel-Landschaft	Cantonal Council	2003	5	4	§24,§25
Basel-Landschaft	Cantonal Parliament	1999	64	4	§64,§88.2
Basel-Landschaft	Justice	/	‐	‐	§50
Basel-Landschaft	Cantonal Council	1999	5	4	§24,§25
Basel-Landschaft	Cantonal Parliament	1995	64	4	§64,§88.2
Basel-Landschaft	Justice	/	‐	‐	§50
Basel-Landschaft	Cantonal Council	1995	5	4	§24,§25
Basel-Landschaft	Cantonal Parliament	1991	64	4	§64,§88.2
Basel-Landschaft	Justice	/	‐	‐	§50
Basel-Landschaft	Cantonal Council	1991	5	4	§24,§25
Schaffhausen	Cantonal Parliament	2016	49	4	§20-1
Schaffhausen	Cantonal Council	2016	5	4	§60
Schaffhausen	Cantonal Parliament	2012	49	4	§20-1
Schaffhausen	Cantonal Council	2012	5	4	§60
Schaffhausen	Cantonal Parliament	2008	49	4	§20-1
Schaffhausen	Cantonal Council	2008	5	4	§60
Schaffhausen	Cantonal Parliament	2004	49	4	§20-1
Schaffhausen	Cantonal Council	2004	5	4	§60
Schaffhausen	Cantonal Parliament	2000	49	4	§20-1
Schaffhausen	Cantonal Council	2000	5	4	§60
Schaffhausen	Cantonal Parliament	1996	49	4	§20-1
Schaffhausen	Cantonal Council	1996	5	4	§60
Schaffhausen	Cantonal Parliament	1992	49	4	§20-1
Schaffhausen	Cantonal Council	1992	5	4	§60
Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Cantonal Parliament	2015	160	4	§72
Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Justice	/	‐	4	§60
Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Cantonal Council	2015	5	4	§82,§83
Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Cantonal Parliament	2011	160	4	§72
Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Justice	/	‐	4	§60
Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Cantonal Council	2011	5	4	§82,§83
Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Cantonal Parliament	2007	160	4	§72
Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Justice	/	‐	4	§60
Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Cantonal Council	2007	5	4	§82,§83
Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Cantonal Parliament	2003	160	4	§72
Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Justice	/	‐	4	§60
Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Cantonal Council	2003	5	4	§82,§83
Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Cantonal Parliament	1999	160	4	§72
Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Justice	/	‐	4	§60
Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Cantonal Council	1999	5	4	§82,§83
Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Cantonal Parliament	1995	160	4	§72
Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Justice	/	‐	4	§60
Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Cantonal Council	1995	5	4	§82,§83
Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Cantonal Parliament	1991	160	4	§72
Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Justice	/	‐	4	§60
Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Cantonal Council	1991	5	4	§82,§83
Appenzell Innerrhoden	Cantonal Parliament	2015	120	4	§31.1,§36
Appenzell Innerrhoden	Cantonal Council	2015	5	4	§36
Appenzell Innerrhoden	Cantonal Parliament	2011	120	4	§31.1,§36
Appenzell Innerrhoden	Cantonal Council	2011	5	4	§36
Appenzell Innerrhoden	Cantonal Parliament	2007	120	4	§31.1,§36
Appenzell Innerrhoden	Cantonal Council	2007	5	4	§36
Appenzell Innerrhoden	Cantonal Parliament	2003	120	4	§31.1,§36
Appenzell Innerrhoden	Cantonal Council	2003	5	4	§36
Appenzell Innerrhoden	Cantonal Parliament	1999	120	4	§31.1,§36
Appenzell Innerrhoden	Cantonal Council	1999	5	4	§36
Appenzell Innerrhoden	Cantonal Parliament	1995	120	4	§31.1,§36
Appenzell Innerrhoden	Cantonal Council	1995	5	4	§36
Appenzell Innerrhoden	Cantonal Parliament	1991	120	4	§31.1,§36
Appenzell Innerrhoden	Cantonal Council	1991	5	4	§36
St. Gallen	Cantonal Parliament	2016	140	4	§76
St. Gallen	Cantonal Council	2016	7	4	§37,§59,§69
St. Gallen	Cantonal Parliament	2012	140	4	§76
St. Gallen	Cantonal Council	2012	7	4	§37,§59,§69
St. Gallen	Cantonal Parliament	2008	140	4	§76
St. Gallen	Cantonal Council	2008	7	4	§37,§59,§69
St. Gallen	Cantonal Parliament	2004	140	4	§76
St. Gallen	Cantonal Council	2004	7	4	§37,§59,§69
St. Gallen	Cantonal Parliament	2000	140	4	§76
St. Gallen	Cantonal Council	2000	7	4	§37,§59,§69
St. Gallen	Cantonal Parliament	1996	140	4	§76
St. Gallen	Cantonal Council	1996	7	4	§37,§59,§69
St. Gallen	Cantonal Parliament	1992	140	4	§76
St. Gallen	Cantonal Council	1992	7	4	§37,§59,§69
Grisons	Cantonal Parliament	2018	80	4	§38
Grisons	Cantonal Council	2018	5	4	§23,§38,§40
Grisons	Cantonal Parliament	2014	80	4	§38
Grisons	Cantonal Council	2014	5	4	§23,§38,§40
Grisons	Cantonal Parliament	2010	80	4	§38
Grisons	Cantonal Council	2010	5	4	§23,§38,§40
Grisons	Cantonal Parliament	2006	80	4	§38
Grisons	Cantonal Council	2006	5	4	§23,§38,§40
Grisons	Cantonal Parliament	2002	80	4	§38
Grisons	Cantonal Council	2002	5	4	§23,§38,§40
Grisons	Cantonal Parliament	1998	80	4	§38
Grisons	Cantonal Council	1998	5	4	§23,§38,§40
Grisons	Cantonal Parliament	1994	80	4	§38
Grisons	Cantonal Council	1994	5	4	§23,§38,§40
Aargau	Cantonal Parliament	2016	180	4	§50
Aargau	Justice	/	‐	4	§61,§70
Aargau	Cantonal Council	2016	5	4	§87.1,§87.2
Aargau	Cantonal Parliament	2012	180	4	§50
Aargau	Justice	/	‐	4	§61,§70
Aargau	Cantonal Council	2012	5	4	§87.1,§87.2
Aargau	Cantonal Parliament	2008	180	4	§50
Aargau	Justice	/	‐	4	§61,§70
Aargau	Cantonal Council	2008	5	4	§87.1,§87.2
Aargau	Cantonal Parliament	2004	180	4	§50
Aargau	Justice	/	‐	4	§61,§70
Aargau	Cantonal Council	2004	5	4	§87.1,§87.2
Aargau	Cantonal Parliament	2000	180	4	§50
Aargau	Justice	/	‐	4	§61,§70
Aargau	Cantonal Council	2000	5	4	§87.1,§87.2
Aargau	Cantonal Parliament	1996	180	4	§50
Aargau	Justice	/	‐	4	§61,§70
Aargau	Cantonal Council	1996	5	4	§87.1,§87.2
Aargau	Cantonal Parliament	1992	180	4	§50
Aargau	Justice	/	‐	4	§61,§70
Aargau	Cantonal Council	1992	5	4	§87.1,§87.2
Thurgau	Cantonal Parliament	2016	130	4	§34
Thurgau	Justice	/	‐	‐	§20
Thurgau	Cantonal Council	2016	5	4	§41.1,§41.2
Thurgau	Cantonal Parliament	2012	130	4	§34
Thurgau	Justice	/	‐	‐	§20
Thurgau	Cantonal Council	2012	5	4	§41.1,§41.2
Thurgau	Cantonal Parliament	2008	130	4	§34
Thurgau	Justice	/	‐	‐	§20
Thurgau	Cantonal Council	2008	5	4	§41.1,§41.2
Thurgau	Cantonal Parliament	2004	130	4	§34
Thurgau	Justice	/	‐	‐	§20
Thurgau	Cantonal Council	2004	5	4	§41.1,§41.2
Thurgau	Cantonal Parliament	2000	130	4	§34
Thurgau	Justice	/	‐	‐	§20
Thurgau	Cantonal Council	2000	5	4	§41.1,§41.2
Thurgau	Cantonal Parliament	1996	130	4	§34
Thurgau	Justice	/	‐	‐	§20
Thurgau	Cantonal Council	1996	5	4	§41.1,§41.2
Thurgau	Cantonal Parliament	1992	130	4	§34
Thurgau	Justice	/	‐	‐	§20
Thurgau	Cantonal Council	1992	5	4	§41.1,§41.2
Ticino	Cantonal Parliament	2015	90	4	§52,§57.1
Ticino	Cantonal Council	2015	5	4	§52,§65.1,§66
Ticino	Cantonal Parliament	2011	90	4	§52,§57.1
Ticino	Cantonal Council	2011	5	4	§52,§65.1,§66
Ticino	Cantonal Parliament	2007	90	4	§52,§57.1
Ticino	Cantonal Council	2007	5	4	§52,§65.1,§66
Ticino	Cantonal Parliament	2003	90	4	§52,§57.1
Ticino	Cantonal Council	2003	5	4	§52,§65.1,§66
Ticino	Cantonal Parliament	1999	90	4	§52,§57.1
Ticino	Cantonal Council	1999	5	4	§52,§65.1,§66
Ticino	Cantonal Parliament	1995	90	4	§52,§57.1
Ticino	Cantonal Council	1995	5	4	§52,§65.1,§66
Ticino	Cantonal Parliament	1991	90	4	§52,§57.1
Ticino	Cantonal Council	1991	5	4	§52,§65.1,§66
Vaud	Cantonal Parliament	2017	130	5	§84.1,§85
Vaud	Cantonal Council	2017	7	5	§112,§113,§116
Vaud	Cantonal Parliament	2012	130	5	§84.1,§85
Vaud	Cantonal Council	2012	7	5	§112,§113,§116
Vaud	Cantonal Parliament	2007	130	5	§84.1,§85
Vaud	Cantonal Council	2007	7	5	§112,§113,§116
Vaud	Cantonal Parliament	2002	130	5	§84.1,§85
Vaud	Cantonal Council	2002	7	5	§112,§113,§116
Vaud	Cantonal Parliament	1997	130	5	§84.1,§85
Vaud	Cantonal Council	1997	7	5	§112,§113,§116
Vaud	Cantonal Parliament	1992	130	5	§84.1,§85
Vaud	Cantonal Council	1992	7	5	§112,§113,§116
Vaud	Cantonal Parliament	1987	130	5	§84.1,§85
Vaud	Cantonal Council	1987	7	5	§112,§113,§116
Valais	Cantonal Parliament	2017	115	4	§52,§53
Valais	Cantonal Council	2017	5	4	§52.1,§52.2
Valais	Cantonal Parliament	2013	115	4	§52,§53
Valais	Cantonal Council	2013	5	4	§52.1,§52.2
Valais	Cantonal Parliament	2009	115	4	§52,§53
Valais	Cantonal Council	2009	5	4	§52.1,§52.2
Valais	Cantonal Parliament	2005	115	4	§52,§53
Valais	Cantonal Council	2005	5	4	§52.1,§52.2
Valais	Cantonal Parliament	2001	115	4	§52,§53
Valais	Cantonal Council	2001	5	4	§52.1,§52.2
Valais	Cantonal Parliament	1997	115	4	§52,§53
Valais	Cantonal Council	1997	5	4	§52.1,§52.2
Valais	Cantonal Parliament	1993	115	4	§52,§53
Valais	Cantonal Council	1993	5	4	§52.1,§52.2
Neuchâtel	Cantonal Parliament	2017	100	4	§61,§66
Neuchâtel	Cantonal Council	2017	5	4	§66.1,§66.2
Neuchâtel	Cantonal Parliament	2013	100	4	§61,§66
Neuchâtel	Cantonal Council	2013	5	4	§66.1,§66.2
Neuchâtel	Cantonal Parliament	2009	100	4	§61,§66
Neuchâtel	Cantonal Council	2009	5	4	§66.1,§66.2
Neuchâtel	Cantonal Parliament	2005	100	4	§61,§66
Neuchâtel	Cantonal Council	2005	5	4	§66.1,§66.2
Neuchâtel	Cantonal Parliament	2001	100	4	§61,§66
Neuchâtel	Cantonal Council	2001	5	4	§66.1,§66.2
Neuchâtel	Cantonal Parliament	1997	100	4	§61,§66
Neuchâtel	Cantonal Council	1997	5	4	§66.1,§66.2
Neuchâtel	Cantonal Parliament	1993	100	4	§61,§66
Neuchâtel	Cantonal Council	1993	5	4	§66.1,§66.2
Geneva	Cantonal Parliament	2013	60	4	§52
Geneva	Justice	/	‐	6	§122
Geneva	Cantonal Council	2013	7	4	§101,§102.1
Geneva	Cantonal Parliament	2009	60	4	§52
Geneva	Justice	/	‐	6	§122
Geneva	Cantonal Council	2009	7	4	§101,§102.1
Geneva	Cantonal Parliament	2005	60	4	§52
Geneva	Justice	/	‐	6	§122
Geneva	Cantonal Council	2005	7	4	§101,§102.1
Geneva	Cantonal Parliament	2001	60	4	§52
Geneva	Justice	/	‐	6	§122
Geneva	Cantonal Council	2001	7	4	§101,§102.1
Geneva	Cantonal Parliament	1997	60	4	§52
Geneva	Justice	/	‐	6	§122
Geneva	Cantonal Council	1997	7	4	§101,§102.1
Geneva	Cantonal Parliament	1993	60	4	§52
Geneva	Justice	/	‐	6	§122
Geneva	Cantonal Council	1993	7	4	§101,§102.1
Geneva	Cantonal Parliament	1989	60	4	§52
Geneva	Justice	/	‐	6	§122
Geneva	Cantonal Council	1989	7	4	§101,§102.1
Jura	Cantonal Parliament	2014	65	4	c71
Jura	Justice	/	‐	5	§65
Jura	Cantonal Council	2014	5	4	§74,§89,§93
Jura	Cantonal Parliament	2010	65	4	c71
Jura	Justice	/	‐	5	§65
Jura	Cantonal Council	2010	5	4	§74,§89,§93
Jura	Cantonal Parliament	2006	65	4	c71
Jura	Justice	/	‐	5	§65
Jura	Cantonal Council	2006	5	4	§74,§89,§93
Jura	Cantonal Parliament	2002	65	4	c71
Jura	Justice	/	‐	5	§65
Jura	Cantonal Council	2002	5	4	§74,§89,§93
Jura	Cantonal Parliament	1998	65	4	c71
Jura	Justice	/	‐	5	§65
Jura	Cantonal Council	1998	5	4	§74,§89,§93
Jura	Cantonal Parliament	1994	65	4	c71
Jura	Justice	/	‐	5	§65
Jura	Cantonal Council	1994	5	4	§74,§89,§93
Jura	Cantonal Parliament	1990	65	4	c71
Jura	Justice	/	‐	5	§65
Jura	Cantonal Council	1990	5	4	§74,§89,§93
Scheduler: PPP https://www.lawlove.org/en

Appendix Chart 8: Registration System for Election
Country Name	Registration regulations
Australia	18 years of age or older shall apply for registration for elections within 8 weeks.
Canada	Eligible voters are required to register at the polling office on the election day.
Chili	Registration for elections is automatically generated from civil registration information. Completion of civil registration is a necessary procedure for applying for an identity card.
Czech Republic	Registration for elections is automatically generated by identity information.
Denmark	Every Danish citizen has a 10-digit identity code. Registration for elections is automatically generated by this code.
Finland	Every Finnish citizen is given a status code at birth. Registration for elections is automatically generated by this code.
Germany	Citizen who have reached the age of 18 on a particular polling day will automatically receive a notice of register for elections and should register with the government where the household registration is located.
Hong Kong(China)	Citizen who have reached the age of 18 or older must take the initiative to register for elections.
Iceland	Registration for elections is automatically generated from identity information.
India	Government revise voter registration information every five years.
Israel	Citizen who have reached the age of 18 or older must register for elections.
Italy	Registration for elections is automatically generated from identity information.
Mexico	Citizen who have reached the age of 18 or older must register for elections to obtain a voting identity card.
Norway	Every Norwegian national has a set of 11-digit identity codes. Registration for elections is automatically generated by this code.
Switzerland	Civil registration is mandatory. Registration for elections is automatically generated by civil registration.
United Kingdom	Mandatory registration for elections is prescribed by the law, but without implementation.
U.S.	The 1993 Federal Electoral Registration Act requires states to process the registration for elections in accordance with federally developed forms.
By Permanent Peace Partnership. Hompage:https://www.lawlove.org/tw/。

Appendix Chart 9: Electronic Voting System of Switzerland
Zurich Union System (The Consortium System)	The system was first developed by Canton of Zurich. Nine Cantons continue to participate in development. Since 2010, Fribourg, Solothurn, Canton of Aargaus, Schaffhausen, Gaozhou, St. Gallen and Canton of Grisons have been conducting experiments based on this system. Since 2015, Canton of Zurich and Glarus also adopted the system.
The Geneva System:As the name suggests, Canton of Geneva has developed its own system.	Canton of Basel-Stadt (since 2009), Canton of Lucerne (since 2010) and Canton of Berne (since 2012) have also conducted trials with electronic voting.
The Neuchatel System	The Neuchâtel system is only used in Neuchatel itself. It is different from the other two systems: the combination of business such as electronic voting is provided from the "Guichet Unique" online portal.
Source: The Swiss Authorities Online. Form By Permanent Peace Partnership.

Appendix Chart 10: United States Online Voter Registration System
Registration Requirements for General Voters 1. American Citizen 2. 18 years of age and above 3. Completing general voter registration at the place of residence or online voter registration
Sources of Constitution Constitution § 1 (Voter Qualification Clause), Constitutional Amendment §1, Constitutional Amendment § 14 (Equal Protection Clause), Constitutional Amendment § 15, Constitutional Amendment §17, Constitutional Amendment §19, Constitutional Amendment §23, Constitutional Amendment §24, Constitutional Amendment §26
Federal Law Voting Rights Act of 1965, Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act, Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act, National Voter Registration Act of 1993, Help America Vote Act of 2002
State	Year of Enactment	Act No.	Year of Implementation	Website
Alabama	n/a	No legislation required	2016	Alabama Votes
Alaska	n/a	No legislation required	2015	Alaska Online Voter Registration
Arizona	n/a	No legislation required	2002	EZ Voter Registration
Arkansas	n/a	No legislation required	n/a	https://law.justia.com/codes/arkansas/2010/title-7
California	2011	SB 397	2012	California Online Voter Registration
Colorado	2009	HB 1160	2010	Go Vote Colorado
Connecticut	2012	HB 5024	2014	Connecticut Online Voter Registration
Delaware	n/a	No legislation required	2014	I Vote Delaware
Columbia	2014	B20-0264	2015	District of Columbia Online Voter Registration
Florida	2015	SB 228	n/a	Not implemented yet
Georgia	2012	SB 92	2014	Georgia Online Voter Registration
Hawaii	2012	HB 1755	2015	Hawaii Online Voter Registration
Idaho	2016	SB 1297	n/a	Not implemented yet
Illinois	2013	HB 2418	2014	Illinois Online Voter Registration
Indiana	2009	HB 1346	2010	Indiana Online Voter Registration
Iowa	n/a	No legislation required	2016	Iowa Online Voter Registration
Kansas	n/a	No legislation required	2009	Kansas Online Voter Registration
Kentucky	n/a	No legislation required	2016	Kentucky Online Voter Registration
Louisiana	2009	HB 520	2010	Geaux Vote
Maryland	2011	HB 740	2012	Maryland Online Voter Registration
Massachusetts	2014	HB 3788	2015	Massachusetts Online Voter Registration
Minnesota	2014	HF 2096	2013	MN Votes
Mississippi	n/a	No legislation required	2014	Vote Missouri
Nebraska	2014	LB 661	2015	Nebraska Online Voter Registration
Nevada	2011	AB 82	2012	Nevada Online Voter Registration
New Mexico	2015	SB 643	2016	New Mexico Online Voter Registration
New York	n/a	No legislation required	2011	New York Electronic Voter Registration
Oklahoma	2015	SB 313	n/a	Not implemented yet
Oregon	2009	HB 2386	2010	OreStar
Pennsylvania	n/a	No legislation required	2015	PA Online Voter Registration
Rhode Island	2016	SB 2513	n/a	Not implemented yet
South Carolina	2012	HB 4945	2012	S.C. Online Voter Registration
Tennessee	2016	SB1626/HB1472	n/a	Not implemented yet
Utah	2009	SB 25	2010	Utah Online Voter Registration
Vermont	n/a	No legislation required	2015	Vermont Online Voter Registration
Virginia	2013	HB 2341	2013	Virginia Voter Registration
Washington	2007	HB 1528	2008	https://voter.votewa.gov/WhereToVote.aspx
West Virginia	2013	SB 477	2015	West Virginia Online Voter Registration
Remarks	The voters from six states were not required to register in advance. After implementing the online voter registration system, three states altered their voting policy: Idaho, Minnesota and Wisconsin adopt online voter registration. New Hampshire and Wyoming adopt the general voter registration. North Dakota maintains no voter registration.
Sources: United States Websites Collected by Permanent Peace and Development Partnership

Appendix Chart 11: The Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation Title 4 The People and the Cantons
Chapter 2 Initiative and Referendum
Art. 138 Popular initiative requesting the total revision of the Federal Constitution 1. Any 100,000 persons eligible to vote may within 18 months of the official publication of their initiative propose a total revision of the Federal Constitution.1 2. This proposal must be submitted to a vote of the People.
Art. 1391Popular initiative requesting a partial revision of the Federal Constitution in specific terms 1. Any 100,000 persons eligible to vote may within 18 months of the official publication of their initiative request a partial revision of the Federal Constitution. 2. A popular initiative for the partial revision of the Federal Constitution may take the form of a general proposal or of a specific draft of the provisions proposed. 3. If the initiative fails to comply with the requirements of consistency of form, and of subject matter, or if it infringes mandatory provisions of international law, the Federal Assembly shall declare it to be invalid in whole or in part. 4. If the Federal Assembly is in agreement with an initiative in the form of a general proposal, it shall draft the partial revision on the basis of the initiative and submit it to the vote of the People and the Cantons. If the Federal Assembly rejects the initiative, it shall submit it to a vote of the People; the People shall decide whether the initiative should be adopted. If they vote in favour, the Federal Assembly shall draft the corresponding bill. 5. An initiative in the form of a specific draft shall be submitted to the vote of the People and the Cantons. The Federal Assembly shall recommend whether the initiative should be adopted or rejected. It may submit a counter-proposal to the initiative.
Art. 139a（Repealed）
Art. 139b1Procedure applicable to an initiative and counter-proposal 1.The People vote on the initiative and the counter-proposal at the same time.2 2. The People may vote in favour of both proposals. In response to the third question, they may indicate the proposal that they prefer if both are accepted. 3. If in response to the third question one proposal to amend the Constitution receives more votes from the People and the other more votes from the Cantons, the proposal that comes into force is that which achieves the higher sum if the percentage of votes of the People and the percentage of votes of the Cantons in the third question are added together.
Art. 140 Mandatory referendum 1. The following must be put to the vote of the People and the Cantons: a. amendments to the Federal Constitution; b. accession to organisations for collective security or to supranational communities; c. emergency federal acts that are not based on a provision of the Constitution and whose term of validity exceeds one year; such federal acts must be put to the vote within one year of being passed by the Federal Assembly. 2. The following are submitted to a vote of the People: a. popular initiatives for a total revision of the Federal Constitution; abis.1… b.2 popular initiatives for a partial revision of the Federal Constitution in the form of a general proposal that have been rejected by the Federal Assembly; c. the question of whether a total revision of the Federal Constitution should be carried out, in the event that there is disagreement between the two Councils.
Art. 141 Optional referendum 1. If within 100 days of the official publication of the enactment any 50,000 persons eligible to vote or any eight Cantons request it, the following shall be submitted to a vote of the People:1 a. federal acts; b. emergency federal acts whose term of validity exceeds one year; c. federal decrees, provided the Constitution or an act so requires; d. international treaties that: (1)are of unlimited duration and may not be terminated, (2)provide for accession to an international organisation, (3)contain important legislative provisions or whose implementation requires the enactment of federal legislation. 2 .…
Art. 141aImplementation of international treaties 1. If the decision on ratification of an international treaty is subject to a mandatory referendum, the Federal Assembly may incorporate in the decision on ratification the amendments to the Constitution that provide for the implementation of the treaty. 2. If the decision on ratification of an international treaty is subject to an optional referendum, the Federal Assembly may incorporate in the decision on ratification the amendments to the law that provide for the implementation of the treaty.
Art. 142 Required majorities 1. Proposals that are submitted to the vote of the People are accepted if a majority of those who vote approve them. 2. Proposals that are submitted to the vote of the People and Cantons are accepted if a majority of those who vote and a majority of the Cantons approve them. 3. The result of a popular vote in a Canton determines the vote of the Canton. 4. The Cantons of Obwalden, Nidwalden, Basel-Stadt, Basel-Landschaft, Appenzell Ausserrhoden and Appenzell Innerrhoden each have half a cantonal vote.
Scheduler: PPP, Source: https://www.admin.ch/opc/en/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html

Appendix Chart 12: Referendum Levels and Thresholds
Scope of application in international law	1. Drafting a constitution 2. Sovereignty 3. Freely determining political status and seeking economic, social and cultural development 4. Other self-determination rights in international law
Scope of application of domestic law	1. Amending constitution 2. Drafting legislative principles 3. Drafting, considering and consulting on national policies 4. Other matters voted on by people of the whole nation 5. Amendments may affect all or part of a constitution, and the right to amend it belongs only to the people. 5.1. The right of constitutional amendment shall be by the people in accordance with the provisions of constitutional self-determination. 5.2. All or part of constitutional amendments passed shall take effect immediately
Local regulations	1. Review of local autonomy regulations 2. Drafting of legislative principles for local self-government regulations 3. Drafting, consideration and consultation on major policies in local self-government matters 4. Other matters voted on by residents
Right of self-determination in referendums under international law - supporters, coordinators and voters	1. Right of self-determination through referendum in international law: people in specific fields directly related to voting matters are voters, supporters and coordinators. 2. Right of self-determination through referendum in international law, number of supporters should be more than 1,000. 3. After a referendum has been reviewed and procedures have been completed, the number of votes in support shall be at least 1.5% of the number of registered voters at the time.
Right of self-determination in referendums under international law - supporters, coordinators and voters	1. Right of self-determination through referendum in domestic law; citizens are voters, supporters and coordinators. 2. The exercise of the right to self-determination of referendums in domestic law, the number of proposals should be more than 1,000. 3. After the referendum has been reviewed and completed by the procedure, the number of co-authors should reach more than 1.5% of the total number of voting rights in the country at the time of the proposal.
Right of self-determination in local referendums ~ supporters, coordinators and voters	1. The right to self-determination in local referendums, with residents of the local administrative region as the voters, the proposers and supporters. 2. In local referendums on self-determination rights, the number of proposers at county and city levels should be at least 1,000, and the number at township, village, and community levels should be at least 100. 3. After the referendum proposal has been reviewed and approved, the number of supporters should be at least 1.5% of the total number of voters in the local area.
Qualifications and procedures in voting	1. Confirmation of citizen IDs shall be prescribed by law. 2. The referendum, including printing of ballots, receipt of ballots, voting and tabulating, shall be conducted in a democratic, ordinary, equal, direct, secret and humanized voting process. The system shall be designed to exclude infringement on the people’s freedom as a factor in voting.
Obstruction of voting prohibited	State institutions, political parties and individuals may not ask voters to participate in a referendum in an unfair manner, such as threats or inducement, or advocate that people not participate in the referendum. Any offenders shall be subject to legal sanctions.
Design and use of ballots	1. Ballots used in a referendum may not be publicly distributed. 2. Contents of ballot must meet following standards: 2.1. Information is correct and includes brief descriptions as well as detailed explanations. Positive and negative aspects of referendum topics must both be clearly laid out. 2.2. Issues must be both rational and answerable. 2.3. Voters must choose between two possible answers. 2.4. The national language must be used throughout.
Voting results in self-determination referendums	1. Questions related to self-determination by referendum in international law shall pass with an absolute majority of more than 1/2 of the number of votes cast. 2. Voting related to self-determination by referendum in domestic law shall be valid if the number of votes cast exceeds 1/4 of the number of eligible voters. Referendums on national policy advice shall be adopted by a majority of votes in favor. 3. Voting on the right to self-determination in local referendums shall be valid if the number of votes cast is more than 1/4 of the number of eligible voters. Referendums on local policy advice shall be adopted by a majority of votes in favor.
Legal effects of referendums	1. With the exception of advisory referendums, the results of all referendums, whether positive or negative, shall be complied with by all institutions, regimes, groups and individuals. 2. Legal effect of the results of referendums: 2.1. The results of referendums in international law shall take precedence over the constitution. 2.2. The results of referendums on domestic law shall take precedence over the law. 2.3. The results of referendums on local laws shall take precedence over constitutional and local regulations.
Chart compiled by Permanent Peace Partnership

Appendix Chart 13: California state-level elected public official title
Officials Selection	Scope of power	Number of People	Term of office
US Senators	Legislation	2	6
US Representatives	Legislation	53	2
State Senators	Legislation	40	4
State Representatives	Legislation	80	2
Governor	Administrative	1	4
Lieutenant Governor	Administrative	1	4
Secretary of State	Administrative	1	4
Treasurer	Administrative	1	4
Controller/Comptroller	Administrative	1	4
Superintendent of Education	Administrative	1	4
Insurance Commissioner	Administrative	1	4
Attorney General	Prosecutor	1	4
Judges	Justice	‐	‐

Appendix Chart 14: California Voter Statistics 2009-2018 The average person needs to go to the polling station 14.1 times
Year	Voting date	Number of times
2018	January 23, January 30, February 27, March 6, April 3, June 5, July 24, August 7, November 6	9
2017	January 3, January 10, January 24, February 28, March 7, March 28, April 4, April 11, April 25, May 2, May 9, May 16, June 6, July 11, July 25, August 22, August 29, October 17, November 7, December 5	20
2016	January 26, February 26, March 8, April 5, April 12, April 19, May 3, June 7, August 30, November 8	10
2015	January 6, February 24, March 3, March 10, March 17, March 24, April 14, May 5, May 19, June 2, June 23, August 25, November 3, December 15	14
2014	February 4, February 11, March 4, March 25, April 8, June 3, November 4, December 9	8
2013	January 8, March 5, March 12, April 2, April 9, May 7, May 14, May 21, June 4, July 23, August 27th, September 17th, September 24th, November 5th, November 19th, December 3rd	15
2012	February 7, March 6, March 13, April 6, April 10, May 1, May 8, June 5, July 10, August 28, September 18th, November 6th	12
2011	January 4, January 25, February 15, March 1, March 8, April 5, April 12, May 3, June 7, June 21, July 12, August 30, November 8	13
2010	January 12, February 2, February 11, February 23, March 2, March 9, April 13, April 27, May 4, May 25, 6 Month 8, June 15, June 22, July 13, August 17, August 24, August 31, September 21, November 2, December 31	19
2009	January 13, March 3, April 21, May 5, May 19, June 2, June 9, June 16, June 23, June 30, July 14, July 15, July 21, August 28, September 1, September 4, October 5, November 3, November 17, December 8, December 15	21
Scheduler: PPP, Source: 1. https://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/voting-resources/voter-information-guides/; 2. https://ballotpedia.org/Local_ballot_measures,_California; 3. http://www.joincalifornia.com/page/10

Appendix Chart 15: California’s 15 Consecutive years Local initiative & referendum statistics
Year	Statewide initiative and referendum	Country initiative & referendum	City initiative & referendum	Public School Local initiative & referendum	Number of votes in the current year
1995	0	17	119	117	253
1996	26	114	374	85	599
1997	0	24	144	174	342
1998	21	125	283	164	593
1999	0	38	114	131	283
2000	27	116	297	146	586
2001	6	37	93	103	239
2002	11	98	309	250	668
2003	2	28	89	61	180
2004	19	140	337	235	731
2005	8	57	135	103	303
2006	26	95	253	208	582
2007	0	29	108	42	179
2008	21	90	258	245	614
2009	6	16	130	47	199
Total number of times	173.00	1024.00	3043.00	2111.00	6351.00
Average number of times	11.53	68.27	202.87	140.73	423.40
Scheduler: PPP, Source: http://www.sos.ca.gov/

Appendix Chart 16: Democracy Index 2014 (No. of countries 167)
Democracy Index 2014, by regime type
Regime type		No. of countries		% of countries			% of world population
Full democracies		24		14.4%			12.5%
Flawed democracies		52		31.1%			35.5%
Hybrid regimes		39		23.4%			14.4%
Authoritarian regimes		52		31.1%			37.6%
Democracy Index 2014
Rank	Country		Regime type		Rank	Country		Regime type
1	Norway		Full democracies		85	Bangladesh		Hybrid regimes
2	Sweden		Full democracies		86	Tanzania		Hybrid regimes
3	Iceland		Full democracies		87	Sri Lanka		Hybrid regimes
4	New Zealand		Full democracies		88	Albania		Hybrid regimes
5	Denmark		Full democracies		89	Malawi		Hybrid regimes
6	Switzerland		Full democracies		90	Benin		Hybrid regimes
7	Canada		Full democracies		91	Fiji		Hybrid regimes
8	Finland		Full democracies		92	Ukraine		Hybrid regimes
9	Australasia		Full democracies		93	Thailand		Hybrid regimes
10	Netherlands		Full democracies		94	Nicaragua		Hybrid regimes
11	Luxembourg		Full democracies		95	Kyrgyzstan		Hybrid regimes
12	Ireland		Full democracies		96	Uganda		Hybrid regimes
13	Germany		Full democracies		97	Kenya		Hybrid regimes
14	Austria		Full democracies		98	Turkey		Hybrid regimes
15	Malta		Full democracies		98	Lebanon		Hybrid regimes
16	United Kingdom		Full democracies		100	Venezuela		Hybrid regimes
17	Uruguay		Full democracies		101	Liberia		Hybrid regimes
17	Mauritius		Full democracies		102	Bhutan		Hybrid regimes
19	United States		Full democracies		103	Bosnia and Herzegovina		Hybrid regimes
20	Japan		Full democracies		103	Cambodia		Hybrid regimes
21	South Korea		Full democracies		105	Nepal		Hybrid regimes
22	Spain		Full democracies		106	Palestine		Hybrid regimes
23	France		Full democracies		107	Mozambique		Hybrid regimes
24	Costa Rica		Full democracies		108	Pakistan		Hybrid regimes
25	Czech Republic		Flawed democracies		109	Sierra Leone		Hybrid regimes
26	Belgium		Flawed democracies		110	Madagascar		Hybrid regimes
27	India		Flawed democracies		111	Iraq		Hybrid regimes
28	Botswana		Flawed democracies		112	Mauritania		Hybrid regimes
29	Italy		Flawed democracies		113	Armenia		Hybrid regimes
30	South Africa		Flawed democracies		114	Burkina Faso		Hybrid regimes
31	Cabo Verde		Flawed democracies		115	Niger		Hybrid regimes
32	Chile		Flawed democracies		116	Morocco		Authoritarian regimes
33	Portugal		Flawed democracies		117	Algeria		Authoritarian regimes
34	Estonia		Flawed democracies		118	Haiti		Authoritarian regimes
35	Taiwan		Flawed democracies		119	Libya		Authoritarian regimes
36	Israel		Flawed democracies		120	Kuwait		Authoritarian regimes
37	Slovenia		Flawed democracies		121	Jordan		Authoritarian regimes
38	Lithuania		Flawed democracies		121	Gabon		Authoritarian regimes
39	Latvia		Flawed democracies		121	Nigeria		Authoritarian regimes
40	Poland		Flawed democracies		124	Ethiopia		Authoritarian regimes
41	Greece		Flawed democracies		125	Belarus		Authoritarian regimes
42	Cyprus		Flawed democracies		126	Ivory Coast		Authoritarian regimes
43	Jamaica		Flawed democracies		127	Cuba		Authoritarian regimes
44	Brazil		Flawed democracies		127	Comoros		Authoritarian regimes
45	Slovakia		Flawed democracies		129	Togo		Authoritarian regimes
46	Timor-Leste		Flawed democracies		130	Vietnam		Authoritarian regimes
47	Panama		Flawed democracies		130	Cameroon		Authoritarian regimes
48	Trinidad and Tobago		Flawed democracies		132	Russia		Authoritarian regimes
49	Indonesia		Flawed democracies		133	Angola		Authoritarian regimes
50	Croatia		Flawed democracies		134	Burundi		Authoritarian regimes
51	Hungary		Flawed democracies		135	Rwandan		Authoritarian regimes
52	Argentina		Flawed democracies		136	Qatar		Authoritarian regimes
53	Suriname		Flawed democracies		137	Kazakhstan		Authoritarian regimes
53	Philippines		Flawed democracies		138	Egypt		Authoritarian regimes
55	Bulgaria		Flawed democracies		139	Oman		Authoritarian regimes
56	Serbia		Flawed democracies		140	Eswatini		Authoritarian regimes
57	Romania		Flawed democracies		141	Myanmar		Authoritarian regimes
57	Mexico		Flawed democracies		141	Gambia		Authoritarian regimes
59	Dominican Republic		Flawed democracies		143	Guinea		Authoritarian regimes
60	Lesotho		Flawed democracies		144	China		Authoritarian regimes
61	Mongolia		Flawed democracies		145	Djibouti		Authoritarian regimes
62	Colombia		Flawed democracies		146	Republic of the Congo		Authoritarian regimes
63	Peru		Flawed democracies		147	Bahrain		Authoritarian regimes
64	El Salvador		Flawed democracies		148	Azerbaijan		Authoritarian regimes
65	Malaysia		Flawed democracies		149	Yemen		Authoritarian regimes
66	Hong Kong		Flawed democracies		150	Zimbabwe		Authoritarian regimes
67	Zambia		Flawed democracies		151	Afghanistan		Authoritarian regimes
68	Ghana		Flawed democracies		152	United Arab Emirates		Authoritarian regimes
69	Moldova		Flawed democracies		153	Sudan		Authoritarian regimes
70	Tanzania		Flawed democracies		154	Uzbekistan		Authoritarian regimes
71	Paraguay		Flawed democracies		155	Eritrea		Authoritarian regimes
72	Macedonia		Flawed democracies		156	Tajikistan		Authoritarian regimes
73	Namibia		Flawed democracies		157	Laos		Authoritarian regimes
74	Senegal		Flawed democracies		158	Iran		Authoritarian regimes
75	Papua New Guinea		Flawed democracies		159	Guinea-Bissau		Authoritarian regimes
75	Singapore		Flawed democracies		160	Turkmenistan		Authoritarian regimes
77	Montenegro		Hybrid regimes		161	Saudi Arabia		Authoritarian regimes
78	Guyana		Hybrid regimes		162	Democratic Republic of the Congo		Authoritarian regimes
79	Ecuador		Hybrid regimes		163	Syria		Authoritarian regimes
80	Honduras		Hybrid regimes		164	Equatorial Guinea		Authoritarian regimes
81	Georgia		Hybrid regimes		165	Chad		Authoritarian regimes
82	Guatemala		Hybrid regimes		166	Central African Republic		Authoritarian regimes
83	Bolivia		Hybrid regimes		167	North Korea		Authoritarian regimes
83	Mali		Hybrid regimes		Source: http://www.eiu.com/home.aspx

Appendix Chart 17: The UN Sustainable Development 17 Goals and 169 Targets
Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms 1.1 By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day 1.2 By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions 1.3 Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable 1.4 By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance 1.5 By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters 1.A Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including through enhanced development cooperation, in order to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, to implement programmes and policies to end poverty in all its dimensions 1.B Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels, based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty eradication actions
Goal 2: Zero Hunger 2.1 By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round. 2.2 By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons. 2.3 By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment. 2.4 By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality. 2.5 By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed. 2.A Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries. 2.B Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets, including through the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with equivalent effect, in accordance with the mandate of the Doha Development Round. 2.C Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives and facilitate timely access to market information, including on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme food price volatility.
Goal 3: Health 3.1 By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births. 3.2 By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under-5 mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births. 3.3 By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases. 3.4 By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being. 3.5 Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol. 3.6 By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents. 3.7 By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services, including for family planning, information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes. 3.8 Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all. 3.9 By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination. 3.A Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in all countries, as appropriate. 3.B Support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for the communicable and noncommunicable diseases that primarily affect developing countries, provide access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines, in accordance with the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, which affirms the right of developing countries to use to the full the provisions in the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights regarding flexibilities to protect public health, and, in particular, provide access to medicines for all. 3.C Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training and retention of the health workforce in developing countries, especially in least developed countries and small island developing States. 3.D Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular developing countries, for early warning, risk reduction and management of national and global health risks.
Goal 4: Education 4.1 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and Goal-4 effective learning outcomes 4.2 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and preprimary education so that they are ready for primary education 4.3 By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education, including university 4.4 By 2030, substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship 4.5 By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels of education and vocational training for the vulnerable, including persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples and children in vulnerable situations 4.6 By 2030, ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, both men and women, achieve literacy and numeracy 4.7 By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development, including, among others, through education for sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence, global citizenship and appreciation of cultural diversity and of culture’s contribution to sustainable development 4.A Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and gender sensitive and provide safe, nonviolent, inclusive and effective learning environments for all 4.B By 2020, substantially expand globally the number of scholarships available to developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States and African countries, for enrolment in higher education, including vocational training and information and communications technology, technical, engineering and scientific programmes, in developed countries and other developing countries 4.C By 2030, substantially increase the supply of qualified teachers, including through international cooperation for teacher training in developing countries, especially least developed countries and small island developing states
Goal 5: Gender equality and women’s empowerment 5.1 End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere 5.2 Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation 5.3 Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation 5.4 Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provision of public services, infrastructure and social protection policies and the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the family as nationally appropriate 5.5 Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decisionmaking in political, economic and public life 5.6 Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences 5.A Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and natural resources, in accordance with national laws 5.B Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology, to promote the empowerment of women 5.C Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation for the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls at all levels
Goal 6: Water and Sanitation 6.1 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all 6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations 6.3 By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally 6.4 By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity 6.5 By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate 6.6 By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes 6.A By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies 6.B Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management
Goal 7: Energy 7.1 By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services 7.2 By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix 7.3 By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency 7.A By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology 7.B By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States, and land-locked developing countries, in accordance with their respective programmes of support
Goal 8: Economic Growth 8.1 Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances and, in particular, at least 7 per cent gross domestic product growth per annum in the least developed countries 8.2 Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological upgrading and innovation, including through a focus on high-value added and labour-intensive sectors 8.3 Promote development-oriented policies that support productive activities, decent job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, and encourage the formalization and growth of micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises, including through access to financial services 8.4 Improve progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in consumption and production and endeavour to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation, in accordance with the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production, with developed countries taking the lead 8.5 By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value 8.6 By 2020, substantially reduce the proportion of youth not in employment, education or training 8.7 Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery and human trafficking and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labour in all its forms 8.8 Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers, including migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and those in precarious employment 8.9 By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products 8.10 Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institutions to encourage and expand access to banking, insurance and financial services for all 8.A Increase Aid for Trade support for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, including through the Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Technical Assistance to Least Developed Countries 8.B By 2020, develop and operationalize a global strategy for youth employment and implement the Global Jobs Pact of the International Labour Organization
Goal 9: Infrastructure, industrialization 9.1 Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and transborder infrastructure, to support economic development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all 9.2 Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and, by 2030, significantly raise industry’s share of employment and gross domestic product, in line with national circumstances, and double its share in least developed countries 9.3 Increase the access of small-scale industrial and other enterprises, in particular in developing countries, to financial services, including affordable credit, and their integration into value chains and markets 9.4 By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes, with all countries taking action in accordance with their respective capabilities 9.5 Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and substantially increasing the number of research and development workers per 1 million people and public and private research and development spending 9.A Facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in developing countries through enhanced financial, technological and technical support to African countries, least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States 18 9.B Support domestic technology development, research and innovation in developing countries, including by ensuring a conducive policy environment for, inter alia, industrial diversification and value addition to commodities 9.C Significantly increase access to information and communications technology and strive to provide universal and affordable access to the Internet in least developed countries by 2020
Goal 10: Inequality 10.1 By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher than the national average 10.2 By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status 10.3 Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies and action in this regard 10.4 Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social protection policies, and progressively achieve greater equality 10.5 Improve the regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and institutions and strengthen the implementation of such regulations 10.6 Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in decision-making in global international economic and financial institutions in order to deliver more effective, credible, accountable and legitimate institutions 10.7 Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through the implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies 10.A Implement the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, in accordance with World Trade Organization agreements 10.B Encourage official development assistance and financial flows, including foreign direct investment, to States where the need is greatest, in particular least developed countries, African countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their national plans and programmes 10.C By 2030, reduce to less than 3 per cent the transaction costs of migrant remittances and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5 per cent
Goal 11: Cities Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable Goal 11 promotes inclusive, safe, resilient and resilient urban and human habitation 11.1 By 2030 AD, ensure that all people have access to appropriate, safe, and affordable housing and basic services, and to improve slums. 11.2 Before 2030 AD, provide safe, affordable, usable, and sustainable transport systems for all people to improve road safety, especially public transport, paying special attention to vulnerable groups, women, The needs of children, people with disabilities, and the elderly. 11.3 By 2030 BC, improve the integration, inclusive and sustainable urbanization and volume, so that all countries can implement participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management. 11.4 Further efforts in the protection of cultural and natural heritage around the world. 11.5 Before 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths from disasters and the number of people affected, and reduce the economic losses caused by disasters by y%, including water-related injuries, and focus on protecting vulnerable groups and the poor. . 11.6 Reduce the harmful effects of cities on the environment before 2030 AD, including special attention to air quality, urban management and waste management. 11.7 Before 2030 AD, provide safe, inclusive and accessible green public spaces for all people, especially women, children, the elderly and the physically and mentally handicapped. 11.a. Strengthen national and regional development planning to promote positive linkages between the socio-economic and environmental aspects of urban, suburban and urban-rural areas. 11.b. Before 2020, the number of cities and locations that implement integrated policies and plans for inclusion, integration, resource efficiency, immigration, climate change adaptation, and post-disaster recovery capacity increased by x%, according to the structure management of Hyogo Prefecture, Japan. Disaster risk at all levels. 11.c. Support the least developed countries in order to properly use local building materials and build sustainable buildings with post-disaster resilience, including financial and technical assistance.
Goal 12: Sustainable consumption and production 12.1 Implement the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production, all countries taking action, with developed countries taking the lead, taking into account the development and capabilities of developing countries 12.2 By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources 12.3 By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses 12.4 By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to air, water and soil in order to minimize their adverse impacts on human health and the environment 12.5 By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse 12.6 Encourage companies, especially large and transnational companies, to adopt sustainable practices and to integrate sustainability information into their reporting cycle 12.7 Promote public procurement practices that are sustainable, in accordance with national policies and priorities 12.8 By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature 12.A Support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and technological capacity to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption and production 12.B Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products 12.C Rationalize inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption by removing market distortions, in accordance with national circumstances, including by restructuring taxation and phasing out those harmful subsidies, where they exist, to reflect their environmental impacts, taking fully into account the specific needs and conditions of developing countries and minimizing the possible adverse impacts on their development in a manner that protects the poor and the affected communities
Goal 13: Climate Change 13.1 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries 13.2 Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning 13.3 Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning 13.A Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible 13.B Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities *Acknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change.
Goal 14: Oceans 14.1 By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from land-based activities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution 14.2 By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration in order to achieve healthy and productive oceans 14.3 Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels 14.4 By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement science-based management plans, in order to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics 14.5 By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with national and international law and based on the best available scientific information 14.6 By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and refrain from introducing new such subsidies, recognizing that appropriate and effective special and differential treatment for developing and least developed countries should be an integral part of the World Trade Organization fisheries subsidies negotiation 14.7 By 2030, increase the economic benefits to Small Island developing States and least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism 14.A Increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacity and transfer marine technology, taking into account the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology, in order to improve ocean health and to enhance the contribution of marine biodiversity to the development of developing countries, in particular small island developing States and least developed countries 14.B Provide access for small-scale artisanal fishers to marine resources and markets 14.C Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources by implementing international law as reflected in UNCLOS, which provides the legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources, as recalled in paragraph 158 of The Future We Want
Goal 15: Biodiversity, forests, desertification 15.1 By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements 15.2 By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally 15.3 By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world 15.4 By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development 15.5 Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species 15.6 Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources, as internationally agreed 15.7 Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna and address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products 15.8 By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and significantly reduce the impact of invasive alien species on land and water ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species 15.9 By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts 15.A Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems 15.B Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation 15.C Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and trafficking of protected species, including by increasing the capacity of local communities to pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities
Goal 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions 16.1 Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere 16.2 End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children 16.3 Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all 16.4 By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime 16.5 Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms 16.6 Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels 16.7 Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levels 16.8 Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governance 16.9 By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration 16.10 Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements 16.A Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation, for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime 16.B Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies for sustainable development
Goal 17: Partnerships Finance 17.1 Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including through international support to developing countries, to improve domestic capacity for tax and other revenue collection 17.2 Developed countries to implement fully their official development assistance commitments, including the commitment by many developed countries to achieve the target of 0.7 per cent of ODA/GNI to developing countries and 0.15 to 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries ODA providers are encouraged to consider setting a target to provide at least 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries 17.3 Mobilize additional financial resources for developing countries from multiple sources 17.4 Assist developing countries in attaining long-term debt sustainability through coordinated policies aimed at fostering debt financing, debt relief and debt restructuring, as appropriate, and address the external debt of highly indebted poor countries to reduce debt distress 17.5 Adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for least developed countries Technology 17.6 Enhance North-South, South-South and triangular regional and international cooperation on and access to science, technology and innovation and enhance knowledge sharing on mutually agreed terms, including through improved coordination among existing mechanisms, in particular at the United Nations level, and through a global technology facilitation mechanism 17.7 Promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries on favourable terms, including on concessional and preferential terms, as mutually agreed 17.8 Fully operationalize the technology bank and science, technology and innovation capacity-building mechanism for least developed countries by 2017 and enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology Capacity building 17.9 Enhance international support for implementing effective and targeted capacity-building in developing countries to support national plans to implement all the sustainable development goals, including through North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation Trade 17.10 Promote a universal, rules-based, open, non-discriminatory and equitable multilateral trading system under the World Trade Organization, including through the conclusion of negotiations under its Doha Development Agenda 17.11 Significantly increase the exports of developing countries, in particular with a view to doubling the least developed countries’ share of global exports by 2020 17.12 Realize timely implementation of duty-free and quota-free market access on a lasting basis for all least developed countries, consistent with World Trade Organization decisions, including by ensuring that preferential rules of origin applicable to imports from least developed countries are transparent and simple, and contribute to facilitating market access Systemic issues Policy and institutional coherence 17.13 Enhance global macroeconomic stability, including through policy coordination and policy coherence 17.14 Enhance policy coherence for sustainable development 17.15 Respect each country’s policy space and leadership to establish and implement policies for poverty eradication and sustainable development Multi-stakeholder partnerships 17.16 Enhance the global partnership for sustainable development, complemented by multi-stakeholder partnerships that mobilize and share knowledge, expertise, technology and financial resources, to support the achievement of the sustainable development goals in all countries, in particular developing countries 17.17 Encourage and promote effective public, public-private and civil society partnerships, building on the experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships Data, monitoring and accountability 17.18 By 2020, enhance capacity-building support to developing countries, including for least developed countries and small island developing States, to increase significantly the availability of high-quality, timely and reliable data disaggregated by income, gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geographic location and other characteristics relevant in national contexts 17.19 By 2030, build on existing initiatives to develop measurements of progress on sustainable development that complement gross domestic product, and support statistical capacity-building in developing countries
Source: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals

Appendix Chart 18: The UN Sustainable Development Goals cf. The Charter for Permanent Peace
The UN Sustainable Development Goals	The Charter for Permanent Peace
Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms	§3.1.1. Human rights. The development of [Taiwan] has resulted in a holy place for human rights in terms of politics, economy, society, culture, peace and development, and every person serves as an angel of peace for human rights. This is a basic principle in permanent usefulness. §3.6.1.a. Economic security: Freedom from poverty and deprivation: including unemployment, unsafe jobs, poor human factors, unequal income and resources, poverty and lack of housing.
Goal 2: Zero Hunger	§3.6.1.b. Food safety: Ensure the quantity and quality of food and unconditional basic income §3.6.5. The State shall ensure environmental safety, health of the human body, animals and plants and protection of the ecological environment in accordance with the "prior warning principle" of international conventions (aka the "prohibition principle (transferal of burden of proof)").
Goal 3: Health	§3.6.1. Ensuring human security in accordance with the UN Charter is the most basic obligation of constitutional guarantors. §3.6.5. The State shall ensure environmental safety, health of the human body, animals and plants and protection of the ecological environment in accordance with the "prior warning principle" of international conventions (aka the "prohibition principle (transferal of burden of proof)").
Goal 4: Education	§3.9.3 Education is free. The state must have a comprehensive human rights education policy, including schools, society, public officials, clergy, etc. The state should continue to promote a sound lifelong education system and co-ordinate national policy supporting lifelong education for human security and sustainable development; it is clear that lifelong education funds must be afforded an appropriate proportion in government budgets at all levels.
Goal 5: Gender equality and women’s empowerment	§3.1.2. Equality and human rights. There shall be no distinction on the basis of sex, religion, race, class, party or nationality, and all are equal in dignity and rights in One World under One Set of Laws.
Goal 6: Water and Sanitation	§3.6.1.c. Health and safety: Free from diseases, water, land, air pollution. §3.6.5. The State shall ensure environmental safety, health of the human body, animals and plants and protection of the ecological environment in accordance with the "prior warning principle" of international conventions (aka the "prohibition principle (transferal of burden of proof)").
Goal 7: Energy	§3.7.5. The Government has the responsibility to promote the "cradle to cradle" policy, which applies to all sustainable development targets. For example, the development of relevant laws and regulations requires that all industrial processes and products must ensure safe return to nature.
Goal 8: Economic Growth	§3.6.1.a. Economic security: Freedom from poverty and deprivation: including unemployment, unsafe jobs, poor human factors, unequal income and resources, poverty and lack of housing.
Goal 9: Infrastructure, industrialization	§3.6.5. The State shall ensure environmental safety, health of the human body, animals and plants and protection of the ecological environment in accordance with the "prior warning principle" of international conventions (aka the "prohibition principle (transferal of burden of proof)").
Goal 10: Inequality	§3.2.2. Human rights under Unity. We recognize the intent of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Human Rights, and declare that everyone has the right to enjoy all the rights and freedoms contained in such instruments, with no distinctions. Thus it is a basic obligation of the state to guarantee that human rights will never lag behind those of any other nation. §4.3.3. All things should have legal standards. All legal norms are standards. International standards organizations (such as ISO) or the highest standards of other countries (such as the EU) shall be part of the basic standards of the country.
Goal 11: Cities	§3.6 Permanent Peace Standards 3.6 (Human Rights and Security) §3.6.5. The State shall ensure environmental safety, health of the human body, animals and plants and protection of the ecological environment in accordance with the "prior warning principle" of international conventions (aka the "prohibition principle (transferal of burden of proof)").
Goal 12: Sustainable consumption and production	§3.7.5. The Government has the responsibility to promote the "cradle to cradle" policy, which applies to all sustainable development targets. For example, the development of relevant laws and regulations requires that all industrial processes and products must ensure safe return to nature.
Goal 13: Climate Change	§3.6.1.c. Health and safety: Free from diseases, water, land, air pollution. §3.6.2. Everyone is responsible for the fate of the earth. Safeguard all common human problems such as the global environment, climate, air and water resources, and nuclear pollution. All citizens of the earth have a duty to be responsible.
Goal 14: Oceans	§3.6.1.4. Environmental safety: Free from pollution, forest destruction, and adverse effects of technological processes, products, and power generation. §3.6.5. The State shall ensure environmental safety, health of the human body, animals and plants and protection of the ecological environment in accordance with the "prior warning principle" of international conventions (aka the "prohibition principle (transferal of burden of proof)"). §3.7.1. The purpose of life is to enhance the life of all human beings. The meaning of life is to create the life that the universe continues. It is the creed of the country's right to sustainable development. §3.7.2. People are the main body of law and the ultimate target of sustainable development of the United Nations. All sustainable development must not lag behind the process of sustainable development of other countries or the United Nations. §3.7.3. People are the main body of the Constitution and the ultimate target of the country's sustainable development. Each item in the Constitution is the basic obligation of the constitutional guarantor to sustain development. §3.7.4. Every Standing Committee of the National Assembly shall have a member who specializes in sustainable development to participate in the legislation. §3.7.5. The Government has the responsibility to promote the "cradle to cradle" policy, which applies to all sustainable development targets. For example, the development of relevant laws and regulations requires that all industrial processes and products must ensure safe return to nature.
Goal 15: Biodiversity, forests, desertification	§3.6.1.d. Environmental safety: Free from pollution, forest destruction, and adverse effects of technological processes, products, and power generation.
Goal 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions	§3.7.3. People are the main body of the Constitution and the ultimate target of the country's sustainable development. Each item in the Constitution is the basic obligation of the constitutional guarantor to sustain development. §3.1.1 Human rights. The development of [Taiwan] has resulted in a holy place for human rights in terms of politics, economy, society, culture, peace and development, and every person serves as an angel of peace for human rights. This is a basic principle in permanent usefulness.
Goal 17: Partnerships	§3.5.1. [Taiwan] has set up the "Super National Human Rights Action and Citizenship Exercise Committee" (aka the Human Rights Committee). The Human Rights Committee is in charge of the final appointment and dismissal of the State Communications Commission; supervising the practice of human rights; reviewing the power of all bills; investigating the exercise of power; handling appeals related to rights; handling elections, recalls and citizens' self-determination rights; adjudicating election and referendum disputes; and declaring voting results.§3.5.2. The President is the Chairman of the Human Rights Committee. The Prime Minister, the Attorney General, the Procurator General and the Legislative Convener are five members of the committee ex officio. The other five members shall be of various nationalities and be nominated by authoritative international human rights organizations. Retired Presidents shall serve as statutory life members of the Human Rights Committee and shall not be subject to quotas otherwise set for the organization.
Sources: 1. UN: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals 2. PPP https://lawlove.org/en

Appendix Chart 19: The Human Development Index, HDI) Source:http://hdr.undp.org/en/data
HDI Rank	Country	HDI Rank	Country	HDI Rank	Country
1	Norway	64	Turkey	127	Guatemala
2	Switzerland	65	Mauritius	127	Tajikistan
3	Australia	66	Panama	129	Namibia
4	Ireland	67	Serbia	130	India
5	Germany	68	Albania	131	Micronesia (Federated States of)
6	Iceland	69	Trinidad and Tobago	132	Timor-Leste
7	Hong Kong, China (SAR)	70	Antigua and Barbuda	133	Honduras
7	Sweden	70	Georgia	134	Bhutan
9	Singapore	72	Saint Kitts and Nevis	134	Kiribati
10	Netherlands	73	Cuba	136	Bangladesh
11	Denmark	74	Mexico	137	Congo
12	Canada	75	Grenada	138	Vanuatu
13	United States	76	Sri Lanka	139	Lao People's Democratic Republic
14	United Kingdom	77	Bosnia and Herzegovina	140	Ghana
15	Finland	78	Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)	141	Equatorial Guinea
16	New Zealand	79	Brazil	142	Kenya
17	Belgium	80	Azerbaijan	143	Sao Tome and Principe
17	Liechtenstein	80	Lebanon	144	Eswatini (Kingdom of)
19	Japan	80	The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia	144	Zambia
20	Austria	83	Armenia	146	Cambodia
21	Luxembourg	83	Thailand	147	Angola
22	Israel	85	Algeria	148	Myanmar
22	Korea (Republic of)	86	China	149	Nepal
24	France	86	Ecuador	150	Pakistan
25	Slovenia	88	Ukraine	151	Cameroon
26	Spain	89	Peru	152	Solomon Islands
27	Czechia	90	Colombia	153	Papua New Guinea
28	Italy	90	Saint Lucia	154	Tanzania (United Republic of)
29	Malta	92	Fiji	155	Syrian Arab Republic
30	Estonia	92	Mongolia	156	Zimbabwe
31	Greece	94	Dominican Republic	157	Nigeria
32	Cyprus	95	Jordan	158	Rwanda
33	Poland	95	Tunisia	159	Lesotho
34	United Arab Emirates	97	Jamaica	159	Mauritania
35	Andorra	98	Tonga	161	Madagascar
35	Lithuania	99	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	162	Uganda
37	Qatar	100	Suriname	163	Benin
38	Slovakia	101	Botswana	164	Senegal
39	Brunei Darussalam	101	Maldives	165	Comoros
39	Saudi Arabia	103	Dominica	165	Togo
41	Latvia	104	Samoa	167	Sudan
41	Portugal	105	Uzbekistan	168	Afghanistan
43	Bahrain	106	Belize	168	Haiti
44	Chile	106	Marshall Islands	170	Côte d'Ivoire
45	Hungary	108	Libya	171	Malawi
46	Croatia	108	Turkmenistan	172	Djibouti
47	Argentina	110	Gabon	173	Ethiopia
48	Oman	110	Paraguay	174	Gambia
49	Russian Federation	112	Moldova (Republic of)	175	Guinea
50	Montenegro	113	Philippines	176	Congo (Democratic Republic of the)
51	Bulgaria	113	South Africa	177	Guinea-Bissau
52	Romania	115	Egypt	178	Yemen
53	Belarus	116	Indonesia	179	Eritrea
54	Bahamas	116	Viet Nam	180	Mozambique
55	Uruguay	118	Bolivia (Plurinational State of)	181	Liberia
56	Kuwait	119	Palestine, State of	182	Mali
57	Malaysia	120	Iraq	183	Burkina Faso
58	Barbados	121	El Salvador	184	Sierra Leone
58	Kazakhstan	122	Kyrgyzstan	185	Burundi
60	Iran (Islamic Republic of)	123	Morocco	186	Chad
60	Palau	124	Nicaragua	187	South Sudan
62	Seychelles	125	Cabo Verde	188	Central African Republic
63	Costa Rica	125	Guyana	189	Niger

Appendix Chart 20: Electoral system: Mixed-member proportional representation( MM P) or Parallel voting(PV)
Country	Legislature	Electoral system
Taiwan	Parliament	Parallel voting
Andorra	Parliament	Parallel voting
Armenia	Parliament	Parallel voting
Ecuador	Parliament	Parallel voting
Georgia	Parliament	Parallel voting
Guinea	Parliament	Parallel voting
Japan	Upper house	Parallel voting, Midterm election
Japan	Lower house	Parallel voting
Jordan	Parliament	Parallel voting
Kazakhstan	Parliament	Parallel voting
Kenya	Upper house	Parallel voting
Kenya	Lower house	Parallel voting
Libya	Parliament	Parallel voting, Midterm election
Lithuania	Parliament	Parallel voting
Mexico	Upper house	Parallel voting, Midterm election
Mexico	Lower house	Parallel voting, Midterm election
Monaco	Parliament	Parallel voting
Niger	Parliament	Parallel voting
Pakistan	Lower house	Parallel voting, Midterm election
Panama	Parliament	Parallel voting
Philippines	Lower house	Parallel voting, Midterm election
Russia	Lower house	Parallel voting
Senegal	Parliament	Parallel voting
Seychelles	Parliament	Parallel voting
South Korea	Parliament	Parallel voting, Midterm election
Sudan	Parliament	Parallel voting
Tajikistan	Parliament	Parallel voting
Thailand	Lower house	Parallel voting
Ukraine	Parliament	Parallel voting
Zimbabwe	Parliament	Parallel voting
Djibouti	Parliament	Mixed-Member Proportional
Germany	Upper house	Mixed-Member Proportional
Germany	Lower house	Mixed-Member Proportional
Lesotho	Lower house	Mixed-Member Proportional
New Zealand	Parliament	Mixed-Member Proportional
Romania	Upper house	Mixed-Member Proportional
Romania	Lower house	Mixed-Member Proportional
Venezuela	Parliament	Mixed-Member Proportional
Scheduler: PPP, Source: https://www.lawlove.org/en

Appendix Chart 21: World Congressional elections
70 countries adopt “List Proportional Representation”, 27 countries adopt “Parallel voting”, 7 countries adopt “Mixed-Member Proportional”, 46 countries adopt “First Past the Post”, 13 countries adopt “Two-round system”, The rest of the countries adopt other elections or countries without parliamentary elections.
1	Afghanistan	Upper house	Single non-transferable vote
1	Afghanistan	Lower house	Single non-transferable vote
2	Albania	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
3	Algeria	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
4	Andorra	Parliament	Parallel voting
5	Angola	Parliament	Proportional Representation
6	Antigua and Barbuda	Parliament	First Past the Post
7	Argentina	Upper house	List PR, midterm election
7	Argentina	Lower house	List PR, midterm election
8	Armenia	Parliament	Parallel voting
9	Australia	Upper house	Single transferable vote
9	Australia	Lower house	Alternative Vote
10	Austria	Upper house	List Proportional Representation
10	Austria	Lower house	List Proportional Representation
11	Azerbaijan	Parliament	First Past the Post
12	Bahamas	Parliament	First Past the Post
13	Bahrain	Parliament	the Two-Round System
14	Bangladesh	Parliament	First Past the Post
15	Barbados	Parliament	First Past the Post
16	Belarus	Lower house	First Past the Post
17	Belgium	Upper house	Indirect Election
17	Belgium	Lower house	List Proportional Representation
18	Belize	Parliament	First Past the Post
19	Benin	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
20	Bhutan	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
21	Bolivia	Upper house	List Proportional Representation
21	Bolivia	Lower house	Additional Member System
22	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
23	Botswana	Parliament	First Past the Post
24	Brazil	Upper house	List Proportional Representation
24	Brazil	Lower house	List Proportional Representation
25	Britain	Upper house	Life peer
25	Britain	Lower house	First Past the Post
26	Brunei	Parliament	Political Assignment
26	Bulgaria	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
27	Burkina Faso	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
28	Burundi	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
29	Cambodia	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
30	Cameroon	Parliament	Proportional Representation
31	Canada	Upper house	Political Assignment
31	Canada	Lower house	First Past the Post
32	Cape Verde	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
33	Central African Republic	Parliament	the Two-Round System
34	Chad	Parliament	First Past The Post,PR, Party Block Vote
34	Chile	Upper house	List Proportional Representation
35	Chile	Lower house	List Proportional Representation
36	China	Parliament	Political Assignment
37	Colombia	Upper house	Proportional Representation
38	Colombia	Lower house	Proportional Representation
38	Comoros	Parliament	the Two-Round System
39	Congo Republic	Parliament	First Past the Post
40	Costa Rica	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
41	Croatia	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
42	Cuba	Parliament	the Two-Round System
43	Cyprus	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
44	Czech Republic	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
45	Denmark	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
46	Djibouti	Parliament	Mixed-Member Proportional
47	Dominica	Parliament	First Past the Post
48	Dominican Republic	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
49	DRC	Parliament	First Past the Post
50	East Timor	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
51	Ecuador	Parliament	Parallel voting
52	Egypt	Parliament	Party Block Vote, Two-Round System
53	El Salvador	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
54	Equatorial Guinea	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
55	Eritrea	Parliament	First Past the Post
56	Estonia	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
27	Ethiopia	Parliament	First Past the Post
58	European Union	Parliament	List PR ,Single transferable vote
59	Fiji	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
60	Finland	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
61	France	Upper house	Indirect Election
61	France	Lower house	the Two-Round System
62	Gabon	Parliament	First Past the Post
63	Gambia	Parliament	First Past the Post
64	Georgia	Parliament	Parallel voting
65	Germany	Upper house	Mixed-Member Proportional
65	Germany	Lower house	Mixed-Member Proportional
66	Ghana	Parliament	First Past the Post
67	Greece	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
68	Grenada	Parliament	First Past the Post
69	Guatemala	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
70	Guinea	Parliament	Parallel voting
71	Guinea-Bissau	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
72	Guyana	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
73	Haiti	Parliament	the Two-Round System
74	Honduras	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
75	Hungary	Parliament	Additional Member System
76	Iceland	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
77	India	Upper house	Single transferable vote, midterm election
77	India	Lower house	First Past the Post
78	Indonesia	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
79	Iran	Parliament	the Two-Round System
80	Iraq	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
81	Ireland	Upper house	Political Assignment
81	Ireland	Lower house	Single transferable vote
82	Israel	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
83	Italy	Upper house	List Proportional Representation
83	Italy	Lower house	List Proportional Representation
84	Ivory Coast	Parliament	First Past the Post, PBV
85	Jamaica	Parliament	First Past the Post
86	Japan	Upper house	Parallel voting, Midterm election
86	Japan	Lower house	Parallel voting
87	Jordan	Parliament	Parallel voting
88	Kazakhstan	Parliament	Parallel voting
89	Kenya	Upper house	Parallel voting
89	Kenya	Lower house	Parallel voting
90	Kiribati	Parliament	the Two-Round System
91	Kuwait	Parliament	Block Vote
92	Kyrgyzstan	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
93	Laos	Parliament	Block Vote
94	Latvia	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
95	Lebanon	Parliament	Block Vote
96	Lesotho	Upper house	Political Assignment
96	Lesotho	Lower house	Mixed-Member Proportional
97	Liberia	Parliament	First Past the Post
98	Libya	Parliament	Parallel voting, Midterm election
99	Liechtenstein	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
99	Liechtenstein	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
100	Lithuania	Parliament	Parallel voting
101	Luxembourg	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
102	Macedonia	Parliament	Proportional Representation
103	Madagascar	Parliament	Proportional Representation
104	Malawi	Parliament	First Past the Post
105	Malaysia	Upper house	Indirect Election
105	Malaysia	Lower house	First Past the Post
106	Maldives	Parliament	First Past the Post
107	Mali	Parliament	the Two-Round System
108	Malta	Parliament	Single transferable vote
109	Marshall Islands	Parliament	Block Vote
110	Mauritania	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
111	Mauritius	Parliament	Block Vote
112	Mexico	Upper house	Parallel voting, Midterm election
112	Mexico	Lower house	Parallel voting, Midterm election
113	Micronesia	Parliament	First Past the Post
114	Moldova	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
115	Monaco	Parliament	Parallel voting
116	Mongolia	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
117	Montenegro	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
118	Morocco	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
119	Mozambique	Parliament	Proportional Representation
120	Myanmar	Parliament	First Past the Post
121	Namibia	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
122	Nauru	Parliament	Alternative Vote, Borda Count
123	Nepal	Parliament	MMP, Midterm election
124	Netherlands	Upper house	Indirect Election
124	Netherlands	Lower house	List Proportional Representation
125	New Zealand	Parliament	Mixed-Member Proportional
126	Nicaragua	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
127	Niger	Parliament	Parallel voting
128	Nigeria	Parliament	First Past the Post
129	North Korea	Parliament	Alternative Vote
130	Norway	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
131	Oman	Upper house	Block Vote
131	Oman	Lower house	First Past the Post
132	Pakistan	Upper house	Indirect Election
132	Pakistan	Lower house	Parallel voting, Midterm election
133	Palau	Parliament	First Past the Post
134	Panama	Parliament	Parallel voting
135	Papua New Guinea	Parliament	Alternative Vote
136	Paraguay	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
137	Peru	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
138	Philippines	Upper house	Block Vote, Midterm election
138	Philippines	Lower house	Parallel voting, Midterm election
139	Poland	Upper house	First Past the Post
139	Poland	Lower house	List Proportional Representation
140	Portugal	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
141	Qatar	Parliament	Political Assignment
142	Romania	Upper house	Mixed-Member Proportional
143	Romania	Lower house	Mixed-Member Proportional
144	Russia	Upper house	Political Assignment
144	Russia	Lower house	Parallel voting
145	Rwanda	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
146	Samoa	Parliament	Block Vote
147	San Marino	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
148	Sao Tome and Principe	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
149	Saudi Arabia	Parliament	N/A
150	Senegal	Parliament	Parallel voting
151	Serbia	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
152	Seychelles	Parliament	Parallel voting
153	Sierra Leone	Parliament	First Past the Post
154	Singapore	Parliament	Party Block Vote, PBV
155	Slovakia	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
156	Slovenia	Upper house	N/A
156	Slovenia	Lower house	Proportional Representation, Borda Count
157	Somalia	Parliament	Political Assignment
158	South Africa	Upper house	Proportional Representation
158	South Africa	Lower house	List Proportional Representation
159	South Korea	Parliament	Parallel voting, Midterm election
160	South Sudan	Parliament	Single non-transferable vote
161	Spain	Upper house	Political Assignment, The Limited Vote
161	Spain	Lower house	List Proportional Representation
162	Sri Lanka	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
163	St Christopher and Nevis	Parliament	First Past the Post
164	St Lucia	Parliament	First Past the Post
165	St Vincent and Grenadines	Parliament	First Past the Post
166	Sudan	Parliament	Parallel voting
167	Suriname	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
168	Swaziland	Parliament	First Past the Post
169	Sweden	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
170	Switzerland	Upper house	List Proportional Representation
170	Switzerland	Lower house	List Proportional Representation
171	Syria	Parliament	Block Vote
172	Taiwan	Parliament	Parallel voting
173	Tajikistan	Parliament	Parallel voting
174	Tanzania	Parliament	First Past the Post
175	Thailand	Upper house	Political Assignment
175	Thailand	Lower house	Parallel voting
176	The United States	Upper house	First Past The Post, Midterm election
176	The United States	Lower house	First Past The Post, Midterm election
177	Togo	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
178	Tonga	Parliament	First Past the Post
179	Trinidad and Tobago	Parliament	First Past the Post
180	Tunisia	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
181	Turkey	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
182	Turkmenistan	Parliament	the Two-Round System
183	Tuvalu	Parliament	Block Vote
184	Uganda	Parliament	First Past the Post
185	Ukraine	Parliament	Parallel voting
186	United Arab Emirates	Parliament	Block Vote
187	Uruguay	Parliament	List Proportional Representation
188	Uzbekistan	Parliament	the Two-Round System
189	Vanuatu	Parliament	Single non-transferable vote
190	Vatican City	Parliament	Political Assignment
191	Venezuela	Parliament	Mixed-Member Proportional
192	Vietnam	Parliament	the Two-Round System
193	Yemen	Parliament	First Past the Post
194	Zambia	Parliament	First Past the Post
195	Zimbabwe	Parliament	Parallel voting
Chart compiled by PPP. Website: https://www.lawlove.org/en/

Appendix Chart 22: Semi-presidential (dual-leader) nations (partial list)
Nation	Presidential methods and announcements	Premier (head of Executive Dept)’s methods and announcements	Ministers’ methods and announcements
France	President chosen in two rounds of elections. No right to publish decrees independently	Directly appointed by President. Decrees must be counter-signed by Deputy Prime Minister	Nominated by President or Prime Minister. Powers include counter-signing
Ukraine	President chosen in two rounds of elections. No right to publish decrees independently	Nominated by President, approved by legislature. ecrees must be counter-signed by Deputy Prime MinisterD	Nominated by Prime Minister, confirmed by President. No counter-signing power
Portugal	President chosen in two rounds of elections. No right to publish decrees independently	Nominated by President. Decrees must be counter-signed by Deputy Prime Minister	Nominated by Prime Minister, confirmed by President. Powers include counter-signing
Finland	President chosen in two rounds of elections. No right to publish decrees independently	Nominated by legislature, confirmed by President. Decrees must be counter-signed by Deputy Prime Minister	Nominated by Prime Minister, confirmed by President. Powers include counter-signing
R.O.C.	President chosen by simple majority in popular vote, can publish decrees independently。	Nominated by President. Decrees need no counter-signatures	Nominated by Prime Minister, confirmed by President. No counter-signing power
Russia	President chosen in two rounds of elections, can publish decrees independently	Nominated by President, approved by legislature. Direct confirmation on 3 failures of vote. Decrees need no counter-signatures	Nominated by Prime Minister, confirmed by President. No counter-signing power
Chart compiled by PPP。◎Soutce: Encyclopedia of World Constitutions Website: https://www.lawlove.org/en

Appendix Chart 23: Modified semi-presidential system ~ selection of the president, prime minister and ministers, and counter-signing requirements
Presidential election and issuance of decrees	Prime minister’s selection and issuance of decrees	Ministers’ selection and issuance of decrees
An absolute majority of votes wins the presidency. Decrees must be counter-signed by Prime Minister and relevant ministers.	The president directly appoints an elected committee chair as prime minister, otherwise it needs approval by the legislature. The prime minister has the right to counter-sign decrees issued by the president.	Committee chairs serve as ministers, otherwise ministers must be approved by committees. Ministers have the right to counter-sign decrees issued by the president.
Chart compiled by PPP. Website: https://www.lawlove.org/en/

Appendix Chart 24: Advantages of the world's major Semi-Presidential Systems
Mutual ratio study of Ssemi-Presidential Government and Permanent Peace Charter (constitutional) system
1. Jurisprudence and dissolution mechanisms help resolve stalemates between administrative and legislative branches./ §5.2/§5.7 2. Effects of strengthened presidential powers on legislation are less pronounced, thus contributing to stability in the political situation./ 6.4 (Source: Wikipedia)
Chart compiled by PPP. Website: https://www.lawlove.org/en/

Appendix Chart 25: Disadvantages of the world's major Semi-Presidential Systems
Mutual ratio study of Semi-Presidential Government and Permanent Peace Charter (constitutional) system
1.The President is in a transcendental position above both the executive and legislative branches and is not subject to legislative restrictions./ No such shortcomings exist. §5.2.6/§6.4.7/§6.4.10 2. In the dual power structure, limits on power of the president and the cabinet are not easy to distinguish. If the two power engines are launched at the same time and pushed in opposite directions they may fight for power and trigger a political struggle./ No such shortcomings exist. §6.4/§6.5 3. Separation of executive power and lack of unified leadership may hinder administrative efficiency./ No such shortcomings exist. §6.3.3 4. When the President and the Court are from the same political party, the President has rights but is not responsible to the Legislature. The Cabinet has no power but is responsible to the Legislature. The President has the right to take no responsibility, while the Cabinet has no responsibility and no political principles./ No such shortcomings exist. §6.4 5. If the President lacks democratic literacy, he may become more and more empowered. He will form a royal cabinet and a small number of governments after to his own will, which will lead to a rebound in Congress, an impasse in administrative and a legislative stalemate, yielding an incompetent government that has difficulty promoting its policies./ No such shortcomings exist. §5.7/§.4.7/§6.4.8/§6.4.9 (Source: Wikipedia)
Chart compiled by PPP. Website: https://www.lawlove.org/en/

Appendix Chart 26: Advantages of the World's Major Presidential Systems
Mutual ratio study of Presidential Systems and permanent peace charter (constitutional) system
1. During his/her term of office the President does not face the risk of losing political support or losing the support of the majority of the legislature, allowing active implementation of policies. With administrative and legislative constraints, administrative power is highly concentrated, operational efficiency is fully utilized and adaptation to various situations is possible./ §6.4 2. When the opposition party has a majority in the parliament, the opposition party can reduce the possibility of a constitutional crisis while effectively balancing the president./ §5.3 3. When the ruling party has a majority in the parliament, the opposition party can also effectively balance the president, and the presidential opposition party will not be as marginalized as in the semi-presidential and legislative systems./ §5.3 4. A limited term can effectively prevent the president from gradually moving toward dictatorship./ §6.3 5. The administration can maximize the degree of specialization in its ranks./ §6.9 6. Technocrats are not be overly influenced by rotation among ruling parties and will be beneficial to coherence in policies./ §6.5 7. Clear separation of powers helps to avoid dictatorship to some extent./ National Decentralization Organizational Standards (Source: Wikipedia)
Chart compiled by PPP. Website: https://www.lawlove.org/en/

Appendix Chart 27: Disadvantages of the World's Major Presidential Systems
Mutual ratio study of Presidential Systems and permanent peace charter (constitutional) system
1. The president has considerable administrative power, can override the executive power of the legislature and is free of legislative checks and balances, and can decide whether a bill will be passed, making it easy to form stalemates and political crises./ No such disadvantages exist. §6.4
2. The president wields executive powers, can affect legislation and justice and can control the legislature and appoint judges, dominating legislation and justice at the same time./ No such disadvantages exist. §6.4
3. In the legislature, even if the ruling party holds sway it may not be completely obedient to the president. Once the opposition party has a majority, the administrative and legislative branches can often fall into deadlock on individual issues./ No such disadvantages exist. §5.3 4. If the president implements wrong policies, voters and legislator are powerless to compel him/her to step down before the end of the term of office. The hurdles for impeachment and removal by the legislature are quite high, and such moves usually involve political struggle, thus they are rarely used. This is very different from no-confidence motions./ No such disadvantages exist. §3.4
5. Under limited terms, even a popular and able president can be re-elected only once and must step down, or cannot run for the office until the second round of elections./ 5. No such disadvantages exist. §6.3 6. In countries that have no re-election restrictions it is easy to fall into dictatorship. Many countries adopting the presidential system often devolve into presidential autocracy. The presidents are both powerful and long-term. / No such disadvantages exist. §6.3
7. The president's power is very large, and a perfect impeachment mechanism and a strong and powerful legislature are needed to exert control over him/her. Otherwise, it is easy to form a dictatorship./ No such disadvantages exist. §6.3 8. The president relies on technocrats to rule the country and strengthen the bureaucracy./ No such disadvantages exist. §6.3
9. Legislators cannot hold concurrent executive positions. Some of them do not need or intend to join the government, thus they will step up supervision and criticism of the government. Even if they are members of the ruling party, administrative and legislative issues are susceptible to tension./ No such disadvantages exist. §6.5 10. Regular presidential elections consume huge sums of money, and the phenomenon of money politics is more serious than in legislative-style systems./ No such disadvantages exist. §6.4
11. The probability of failure for a nation implementing a presidential system of democracy for the first time is high./ No such disadvantages exist. §6.4 12. The president does not necessarily represent the majority of the public./ No such disadvantages exist. §6.4
13. Criticism of administrative power by members of the judiciary is reflected in judicial decisions./ No such disadvantages exist; National Decentralization Organizational Standards (Above sources: Wikipedia) 14. Presidential systems are strongly inclined toward majority democracy because of the lack of a consensus democracy mechanism. Many nations enjoy consensus rather than majority democracy./ No such disadvantages exist. §6.4 ("The Presidential Systems of the Philippines and Indonesia: A Preliminary Study of the Formation and Evolution of Institutions" Chen Hongming, Wang Xingzhong)
Chart compiled by PPP. Website: https://www.lawlove.org/en/

Appendix Chart 28: Advantages of the World's Major Legislative Systems
Mutual ratio study of Parliamentary System and Permanent Peace Charter (This Constitution)
1. All cabinet members are selected from among members of the legislature. Cabinet rulings can keep lawmakers from gradually losing touch with the actual society./ §5.2, §5.3 2. Administrative and legislative bodies are linked to improve government efficiency and avoid coups./ §5.7 3. Competent government heads may serve for an unlimited periods./ §5.3, §5.8 4. Although terms of office are not limited, legislators may at any time remove an incompetent government head, unlike the presidential system, where it is difficult to compel incompetents to step down before a term ends./§5.3 5. The cost of single elections is less than in presidential systems./ §5.3 6. Most countries that implement the legislative system do so successfully./ §5.3 7. This is one of the approaches used to resolve conflicts among government branches (under the legislative system, the leader of the administrative branch comes from the majority party in the legislature. Administration and legislation are not completely separated, and modern thinking generally considers this a factor in success and stability. Liberal democratic systems do not necessarily require a complete separation of powers. In fact, except for the US, where political parties do not have serious internal conflicts, all nations that have attempted to practice democracy under a presidential system failed in their first attempt. The success rate is higher for legislative systems./ §5.1, §5.2, §5.3 (Sources: Wikipedia)
Chart compiled by PPP. Website: https://www.lawlove.org/en/

Appendix Chart 29: Disadvantages of the World's Major Legislative Systems
Mutual ratio study of Parliamentary System and Permanent Peace Charter (This Constitution)
1. Prior to World War Two, the challenge that legislative democracy encountered on the European continent was political instability brought about by minority governments and the rise of extremist parties. Non-cooperation between political parties leads to democracy under a legislative minority. The emergence of a minority government often leads to votes of no confidence in the legislature and touches off political crises. In post-World War I Europe, this type of legislative democracy failed for the first time. Extreme forces gained political power through democratic institutions, while avoiding the "no-confidence vote." Typical examples include Europe’s dictators. Germany's Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini of Italy, Francesco Franco of Spain and Antonio de Oliveira Salazar of Portugal were also elected in the legislative systems./ No such disadvantages exist. §5.3 2. When the opposition party holds a majority in the legislature it inevitably leads to reorganization of the government, following a no-confidence motion or dissolution of the legislature. This differs from the presidential system, where the term of office is fixed and he/she is not easily replaced. The prime minister may be able to finish out the term./ No such disadvantages exist. §5.3 3. In a country with a bicameral system, if the opposition party controls the majority in one of the houses (a split legislature), constitutional crises and political stalemates are common, as seen in Japan and Australia./ No such disadvantages exist. §5.3 4. When the ruling party has an absolute majority in the legislature it is difficult for the opposition party to check the ruling party, and the opposition party may be marginalized because it holds too few seats, witness the case of Singapore./ No such disadvantages exist. §5.3 5. The leader of the largest political party serves as prime minister. Under long-term rule it is easy to form a one-party political control. Examples are Malaysia and Japan./ No such disadvantages exist. §5.3 6. Multi-party formations of coalition governments can produce a prime minister from a smaller political party. Under multi-party coalitions, the prime minister's power and influence are weak./ No such disadvantages exist. §5.3 7. It is difficult to develop professional administrations because lawmakers are less experienced in administration than technocrats. / No such disadvantages exist. §5.3 8. Internal political party conflicts are common. In multi-party coalition governments, if one of the main political parties withdraws, the government loses its majority in the legislature, resulting in forced early elections or the forming of a coalition government with other political parties. / No such disadvantages exist. §5.3 9. Political power is easily to concentrate, resulting in overlapping administrative and legislative powers. / No such disadvantages exist. §2.6 10. The cabinet is composed of members of the majority party in the legislature, which may cause the same party to feel sheltered and disabuse its supervisory role in the legislature. / No such disadvantages exist. §5.2 11. In a multi-party state, if no political party forms a coalition of political parties, it is highly likely that the legislature will be ineffective. / No such disadvantages exist. §5.3 (Sources: Wikipedia)
Chart compiled by PPP. Website: https://www.lawlove.org/en/

Appendix Chart 30: Operational Advantages of Major Committee Systems
Mutual ratio study of Major Committee Systems and Permanent Peace Charter (This Constitution)
1. Brainstorming is possible, making it easy to reflect views of the community and win support of the community./ §5.3 2. In the Legislature, lawmakers act as checks on each other, and corruption does not develop readily./ §5.3, §1.6.5 3, Multi-person division of labor and cooperation reduce the burden on individuals./ §5.3 4. Small parties are divided, with more autonomy and freedom, in line with the spirit of democracy./§5.3.4 (Source: Huang Shang, “Administration”, Chihkuang Publishing.)
Chart compiled by PPP. Website: https://www.lawlove.org/en/

Appendix Chart 31: Operational Disadvantages of Major Committee Systems
Mutual ratio study of Major Committee Systems and Permanent Peace Charter (This Constitution)
1. Responsibilities are not clearly delineated, powers in certain matters are not specific, and the advantages are inconsistent./ No such disadvantages exist. §5.3 2. Status of various members is the same, the powers and responsibilities are similar, and it is easy for mutual support and exclusion to develop./ No such disadvantages exist. §5.3 3. Insufficient strength, slow action, reduced efficiency and delays./ No such disadvantages exist. §5.33, §5.8 4. In discussions and research, it is difficult for many people to maintain confidentiality./ No such disadvantages exist. §5.2.10 (Source: Huang Shang, “Administration”, Chihkuang Publishing; Hsiao Fu-yuan, “In Direct Democracy, Consensus Can Be Slow”, The World Magazine.)
Chart compiled by PPP. Website: https://www.lawlove.org/en/

Appendix Chart 32: The unique advantages of the Charter for Permanent Peace compared to the current country
§1.1.1 Freedom to establish a country. [Taiwan] has become a larger freedom of Mecca for innovation in politics, economy, society, culture, peace and development. Everyone serves as an angel of peace that is free and alive. This is the country's principle of permanent establishment. (See the Preface for details) §1.2.3. Ensure that universal freedom will not lag behind that of other countries by one day - this is the basic obligation of all state organs. Even if it cannot be done immediately, it must be sought through sunrise clauses until it can be realized. §1.2.4 All international laws guaranteeing freedom shall constitute part of domestic law. They shall take precedence over domestic law (except for the Constitution) with direct bearing on the rights and obligations of the [Taiwanese] people. §1.2.5 All laws and laws that are conducive to the protection of freedom shall constitute a part of the Constitution and laws of the nation, so the people will be more likely to be involved and the laws will be substantively invoked. The State shall not be excluded from due process of law. §1.3.55. Voting is an effective tool for profit-making and elimination of corruption. Citizens continue to vote, constantly guaranteeing human dignity, freedom and prosperity. §1.4.1 Put sovereignty in the hands of the people. The people indirectly exercise the power of state control through elections, recalls, examinations, and public service. They directly exercise the state's ruling power through civic creation, reconsideration, and self-determination. (According to §1.2, §1.4, §4.7) §1.6.4 Root money out of elections. Regardless of whether domestic or overseas, money or any tangible and intangible resources are totally prohibited from intervening, distorting or influencing fair elections. Violators will have all self-organized election activities and ballot subsidies cancelled. Media, consortia, organizations or individuals are all prohibited from directly or indirectly affecting fair and just elections with financial, material, or any influence. Including loans, fake democracy, collection, biased or placed advertising, etc., with violators subject to criminal law sanctions. §1.6.5 Improve integrity. Political contributions in elections are absolutely forbidden. If contributions exceed legal limits, both criminal laws and bribery charges will be brought against violators, with no statute of limitations. Regardless who offered or who received the bribe, the first person to report the incident shall be exempted from prosecution and may be eligible to collect half of the amount of the bribe. Anyone found accepting a bribe must surrender the full amount to the state treasury, and the informant may be eligible to collect half of the surrendered amount. §1.7.2 The right of people to self-determination is a basic requirement for human rights standards and is not limited by national borders . The people have the right to vote for self-determination at the national level, the national level, the sub-national level, and the micro-national level. [See Annex Table 11: Swiss Constitution [Creative Reconsideration]] §1.8.1 The spirit of freedom is in the right of choice - the right to choose the system, the right to transfer : (a) Choose a lifestyle : Let the people go to the polls rather than fighting in the streets (cf. § 1.1). (b) Choose a referendum system: take the Swiss referendum as a model (§1.4). (c) Choose a legislative system: reforming and innovating based on the cabinet system and the committee system (see § 5). (d) Choose an administrative system: reform and innovate based on the semi-presidential system and the California model (see § 6). (e) Choose a procuratorial system: a model of 43 state procurators general of the US (according to § 7). (f) Choose a judicial system: reform and innovate based on the 50 states of the US (see § 8). (g) Choose a ombudsman system : reform and innovation based on monitoring in the Nordic countries (According to § 7) (h) Choose a voting system: Australia offers a mandatory voting model and network connections. §1.9.3 Any victim who has been subjected to enforced disappearance due to political participation or any legal activities, regardless of where the perpetrator is from, shall be the responsibility of all political, criminal, civil and administrative officials from the president to local heads as relevant constitutional guarantors (corresponding to § 3.6). Involved parties may also request state compensation. §1.10.1 The constitutional order of freedom and democracy is inviolable . No one can take advantage of such freedom to destroy freedom , nor are state organs allowed to infringe for any reason or in any way. §1.11.4 To ensure a world of human freedom, free education must be compulsory and cover: (a) Basic human rights; (b) Liberalism; (c) Political freedom; (d) Civil liberties; (e) Personal freedom; (f) Freedom of entry and exit; (g) Freedom of assembly; (h) Freedom of association; (i) Freedom of speech; (j) Freedom of belief; (k) Freedom of academics; (l). Freedom of the press; (m) Freedom of privacy; (n) Freedom of information; (o) Freedom of connection; (p) Freedom of love; (q) Freedom of trade; (r) Economic freedom; (s) Freedom from fear; (t) Freedom from want; (u) Freedom from enforced disappearance; (v) Freedom from being tracked; (w) Freedom from being photographed; (x) Right to be forgotten (including official records); §1.12.1 Implement a free culture of constitutional standards through unification of laws and the implementation of freedom and equality.
§2.1.1 Establish democracy. The building of [Taiwan] has made it a hallowed model for politics, economy, society, culture, peace and development under democracy. Everyone can serve as a peaceful messenger of democracy to the world - a key principle in realizing permanent peace. (See the Foreword for details) §2.2.1 It is the constitutional obligation of all state organs and public officials to ensure that democracy will not lag behind that of other nations, and that global democracy will guide the global village in coming centuries. §2.3.5 Draft constitutional amendments shall be proposed by the People's Liaison Office and pass the referendum threshold, be submitted to the National Legislature for improvement and be approved by all 2/3 members of the Legislature, then sent to the Chief Justice for preliminary examination and approval. After a second reading in the Legislature, 2/3 of all lawmakers must approve the draft. After that it shall be submitted to z referendum, and a majority of voters must approve. Voting on constitutional amendments shall be mandatory for all citizens. §2.4.7 Except as specified in this Constitution, in order to encourage international elites to participate in elections, they may do so if they are from a completely free and democratic country, support One World under One Set of Laws, and have held that nationality for more than 30 years. If at any time during the past 30 years the person in question has had multiple nationalities or permanent residency, he/she must still meet the qualification of coming from a completely free and democratic country. §2.5.6 Open political parties means that parties from democratic countries may participate in the development of human civilization projects. Any political party in a fully democratic country that has a member in the legislature may set up branches in Taiwan to promote its ideas, recommend candidates to run for president according to law, accept political party subsidies according to law, and become a constitutional guarantor in accordance with the constitution (§3.7). §2.6.1 Construct a universal democratic legal system to change the current state of international relations, deepen global democracy and achieve a Constitution for humanity . Under co-opetition in legislation, all nations — friend or foe — may send one member to the national legislature (two in the case of bicameral assemblies) on behalf of their own legislature to participate in our legislation. A motion that has a direct interest in the representative’s home country shall carry voting rights, while other rights and obligations will be the same as those of native nationality. [Connection 5] §2.7.1 Leading to all laws in one. To construct a global legal system, we confirm and guarantee that constitutions are drawn up with more than 99% agreement with global standards. (According to § 4.2, § 4.3). §2.8.6 Global democratization is the foundation of world peace. There are only two paths for humanity in the future: peace and destruction (see: reading). Peace is the truth; permanent peace is the eternal truth; the Charter for Permanent Peace is the path to eternal truth. To this end, the state should formulate a budget to promote global democracy, provide an omnipotent constitution to end chaos and internal affairs in the government, and fulfil the mission of avoiding nuclear war. §2.9.9 The diversity of democratic systems reflects the respective political, social and cultural characteristics of each nation. Determining a democratic system is its basic principle, not a specific form. §2.10.7 Buildings that house relevant state organs should have an outward appearance that symbolizes "universal democracy".
§3.1.1 Human rights are established. Creating the value for life, stimulating constitutional standards, improving allocation of resources and promoting permanent peace are the most sacred rights of the people and the most urgent obligations of the state. §3.1.2 Equality and human rights. There shall be no distinction on the basis of sex, religion, race, class, party or nationality, and all are equal in dignity and rights in One World under One Set of Laws. §3.2.3 All international laws and the global natural charter, which are conducive to the protection of human rights, shall form part of domestic law and take precedence over domestic laws (including the constitution) with direct impact on the rights and duties of the [Taiwanese] people. §3.4.8 Constitutional guarantors shall not be excused from the any responsibility following dismissal, resignation or expiration of the term of office or retirement. If any action of the constitutional guarantor is unconstitutional, he/she shall be sanctioned by law, and his/her immediate supervisors shall be jointly and severally liable in law and shall bear responsibility for such unconstitutional acts with no statutory limitations. §3.4.15 Guarantors of the constitution shall ensure implementation of the basic standards of the Constitution: guaranteeing that the universal values of freedom, democracy, human rights and the rule of law will not lag behind those of other countries and ensuring that those who exercise legislative, administrative, prosecutorial and judicial powers are all elected by the people . Any loss shall be treated as total destruction, and if there is no other way to provide relief, anyone in the world has the right to resist and refuse to cooperate. §3.5.1 [Taiwan] has set up the "Super National Human Rights Action and Citizenship Exercise Committee" (aka the Human Rights Committee). The Human Rights Committee is in charge of the final appointment and dismissal of the State Communications Commission; supervising the practice of human rights; reviewing the power of all bills; investigating the exercise of power; handling appeals related to rights; handling elections, recalls and citizens' self-determination rights; adjudicating election and referendum disputes; and declaring voting results. §3.6.11. Ensuring human security in accordance with the UN Charter is the most basic obligation of constitutional guarantors, including: (a) Economic security: Freedom from poverty and deprivation: including unemployment, unsafe jobs, poor human factors, unequal income and resources, poverty and lack of housing. (b) Food safety: Ensure the quantity and quality of food and unconditional basic income (c) Health and safety: Free from diseases, water, land, air pollution. (d) Environmental safety: Free from pollution, forest destruction, and adverse effects of technological processes, products, and power generation. (e) Personal safety: Freedom from lynching, war, violence, conflict, poverty, drug-related crimes, violence against women and children, terrorism and theft of personal data and privacy. (f) Transportation safety: Road, land, sea, air, Internet, postal, information aspects, etc. (g) Community security: Family, ethnicity, community, culture all free of unequal treatment. (h) Safety of recreation: The safety and development of fertility, parenting, education, sports, sports, music, art, amusement parks, zoos, botanical gardens, parks, etc. are all the responsibility of the state. (i) Political security: Free from ideological persecution, human rights violations, citizenship and democratic principles. (j) Financial security: The state is set up to be independent of systemic and structural financial supervision and management committees. Any time legal or mathematics experts are in a meeting, financial officials shall be barred from entering. §3.8.2 Public responsibility: The earth is our homeland, all humans are our family members, and any public official must support the rescue of persons enslaved by an authoritarian dictatorship, that is, the destiny of saving the world on behalf of the nation, and at the same time shouldering the sacred responsibility for building a community of human destiny.. §3.9.4 All state organs, governments at all levels, and various industrial organizations shall specify key performance indicators (KPIs) for human security and sustainable development in annual performance appraisals, prepare reports to the people and guide the people to learn from the results. §3.10.3 Only glorious nationals will achieve a glorious nation. The people's glorious record shall be "retained" for at least for 100 years on the internet. Implementation procedures shall be determined by law.
§4.1.1 Build a nation under rule of law. Create One World under One Set of Laws, a system of peaceful legal systems under which countries can operate on a long term basis. It must conform to global (multiple/common) laws of nature, justice, equality, freedom, democracy and human rights, with direct impact on the rights and obligations of all people. (See the Preface for details) §4.2.4 Promote the Charter for Permanent Peace/Human Constitutional Standards and implement localization of international law. The state shall carry out paradigm shifts, and in accordance with the spirit of the Hague Conference on Private International Law, establish an international organization for the purpose of gradually unifying the constitutional standards, with reference to the spirit of the International Court of Justice in The Hague, The judges shall come from nations around the world. (See §8.4.1) §4.2.5 The state shall adhere to the principles of legal innovation, originality and global legislation, to serve as a pioneer in permanent peace and rule of law and lead the nation into the coming centuries (§5). §4.3.1 The ultimate goal of international law and domestic law is to protect all values of each individual human being, and to restrict the duties of government to exercising good governance and serving humanity. §4.4.1 Under the principle of benefiting everyone and harming no one, in order to ensure that freedom, democracy, human rights, the rule of law and sovereignty will not lag behind those of other countries, and to guarantee that they will not be violated by evil laws, all universal constitutions, laws and international standards which reflect universal values shall form part of our country's constitution, laws, and national standards, and the people shall avail themselves of them as needed . §4.5.1 When state organs exercise public power, they should directly apply international law as first priority. When no international law is applicable, they should apply domestic law and take into account the laws of other countries to implement the people as subjects with complete international personalities (See [Appendix Table 1:] Table of Global Law Levels). §4.6.5 The President, the Prime Minister, legislators and councilors, the Commander-in-Chief of the Military, ambassadors, mayors and magistrates and other persons who duties are closely related to the constitution are required to pass the Constitutional Examination. Prosecutors, judicial officers, lawyers, high-ranking civil servants and other personnel whose duties are close to the constitution are required to pass the advanced constitutional examination. §4.7.5 The people shall exercise the constitutional guarantee of peaceful marches and demonstrations. If the government insists on violently dispersing peaceful demonstrators, the people must give a warning to the government of "unconstitutional actions." If there is no other remedy, the people can exercise the right of non-cooperation and refuse to cooperate in a peaceful manner.§4.8.4 International Responsibility: The birth of One World under One Set of Laws with direct impact on the rights and duties of the people is a basic principle for nations to use in perpetuity. The state should budget to fulfill its international responsibilities, promoting the Charter for Permanent Peace chart in the international market and explaining the reasons for the development of world civilization in [Taiwan]. §4.9.2 Ensure that everyone lives with constitutional truths and practices life in all sincerity. From early childhood and all through lifelong learning, the state should define the basic course of the rule of law and give priority to it in its budgets.
§5.1.1 Recognizing the co-opetition and legislative power of a set of legal systems on the earth, and confirming that national legislation is a representative body entrusted by international law. Ensuring the global participation of legislation (§2.5) and the construction of a common legal system of human destiny is an obligation that the state must not change or exempt. (See the foreword for details) §5.2.3 Legislation should ensure that human dignity and freedom of personality development will never lag behind those in other countries (§1.1), national legislation is globally involved (according to §2.5), and the legislature has a General Administration of Interpretation in accordance with the UN and/or the EU. The aim is to consolidate lasting peace and development, and continue benefitting the people and mankind. §5.3.1 The modified committee form of the legislature features 12 professional standing committees and a number of ad hoc committees that are linked to national and global society in accordance with national needs. The total number of members of the legislature is 180, with 15 members on each professional committee. Each committee has full rights to propose, examine, investigate, hear, and question as part of deliberation. §5.3.2 There are 12 standing committees, corresponding to 12 ministries, with 12 members in each committee. One member will serve as chairman of each committee, and the overall group (12 committees with 12 members each) is elected by the people . A total of 144 permanent members of the legislature serving four-year terms, with a quarter of the political group. Reelected annually. §5.3.3 The ad hoc committees include 12 members of the sustainable generational development committee (including the elected president - § 6); 12 members of the localization committee for international law (including the president and elected department heads- § 7), and 12 members in the legal internalization committee A total of 12 members of the domestic parliament (combined by the elected procuratorate - § 8), a total of 36 people on the committees. Ad hoc committee members’ terms of office shall be the same as the representative who nominated them; if the nominator is removed from office for any reason, the term of the ad hoc committee member will not be affected. §5.5.1 Legislation to fix laws: Congress should formulate a perfect global legal system to lead the way to rule of law , and advance legislative standards and laws for permanent peace . §5.5.2 Basic vocation of legislators: The law should conform to the ideals of "Nature, Justice and Morality" and "Freedom, Democracy and Human Rights" and must not contravene global (common) law, absolute law, public international law, or the Constitution. §5.5.3 Basic beliefs in legislation: Legislation should follow the concepts represented in human rights, constitutionalism, international legalism and global (multiple/common law). §5.6.1 Legislation should be based on the basic principles of the Constitution and the various advantages listed above (including global co-opetition legislation, establishment of a universal world-wide comparative database, modified committee-centric structure, local public opinion links and legislative guidelines) and offered to 249 political entities (excluding disputed areas) as part of constitutional services. §5.7.5 Any mechanism that should be coordinated by the committee organization should be jointly operated by at least three non-affiliated organizations or political parties; anyone who has conflicts of interest with their business interests should be excluded. §5.8.2 The modified committee-centric system has none of the fatal shortcomings of the current universal legislature. For example, vicious competition among political parties leads to moral bankruptcy of the nation, with too much attention paid to meeting social conventions and no mention of vital government affairs. Except as otherwise provided by this Constitution, bills shall be passed when approved by a majority with 3/5 of all members present, whether it is 2/5 or 3/5 either way. Local councils should follow the same principle. §5.9.2 Unjust laws or orders that violate the principles of nature, justice, morality, human rights or international law must be repealed and traced back to their original enactment. §5.10.1 Model for legislation: [Taiwan] is a holy place for participation by world citizens in global co-opetition. Everyone is a legislative warrior, a life-long representative of public opinion, and shall take advantage of the heavenly calling of human for permanent peace . Legislatures should display symbols of the birth of the Holy Land of "Global Law."
§6.1.1 We hereby recognize the co-opetitive and administrative power of a global international government, confirming that the state administrative organization is an executive agency entrusted by the international government to guarantee international participation in administration and building a community for human destiny . This is an obligation that the state cannot change or waive. (See the Preface for details) §6.2.1 For the purpose of serving the people and all mankind, in the era of the global village, the nation will determine the progress and positioning of Taiwan's struggles by taking a look at the world from Taiwan and considering time and space conditions today. §6.2.2 Our nation has contributed greatly to the development of global governance, world harmony, human security and sustainable development. The government should implement this constitutional regulation as a model for an effective universal government that will help improve the UN. §6.6.11. The Minister is the final constitutional guarantor for all business of each ministry. The Prime Minister is the first joint guarantor and the President is the ultimate guarantor. §6.9.2 No government may waste resources, time, money and development opportunities; all government agencies shall establish standard operating procedures to allow the people to monitor the government simply and effectively. §6.9.14 Empirical love is inherent in the Constitution, and the greatness lies in the government. The government should guarantee salvation, justice and resilience in ensuring human dignity. The people are protected by the Constitution throughout life, in the spirit of equality and fraternity, to establish a country where no one will be tempted to commit suicide or harm themselves. §6.10.1 Administrative paradigm: [Taiwan] shall be the capital of Unity in the community of human destiny; this is the basic principle of permanent establishment. All units should be housed in buildings that symbolize the community of human destiny. §6.10.2 International Responsibility: Innovate global governance, implement permanent peace and lead humanity toward the future . These are basic national policies that the country shall never change or abandon. The state shall prepare budgets sufficient to meet its international obligations.
§7.1.1 To achieve egalitarian living relationships in the global village and for the sake of overall human interests, in order to maintain unity in legal order and resource allocation and utilization, and to recognize the norms of international institutions, international agencies shall have exclusive prosecutorial powers. (See the Preface for details) §7.1.2 In addition to the global exclusive jurisdiction and investigation by the International Court of Justice, our nation shall also have independent investigative powers. §7.5.1 Prosecutors are representatives for justice who are totally independent of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. They supervise and aid in criminal investigations, prosecuting, assisting private prosecutions, conducting private prosecutions, monitoring, and directing the execution of criminal judgments and other laws and regulations in accordance with the Constitution. §7.5.2 Prosecutors are guardians in the world of justice. They shall not acknowledge laws that are unjust or evil, and they shall ensure that no one is above the law and that no one is deprived of their rights under the law. §7.6.1 When a prosecutor is performing his/her duties, he/she should promote "human beings" as the subject of heaven and earth. Regardless of international law or domestic law, the ultimate goal is to protect every human being. §7.6.2 The Prosecutorial Branch of government shall implement "Global Law, Our Dream, the World’s Dream" for all human beings. Prosecutions shall be carried out in accordance with international law, followed by the Constitution and laws of our country, followed by examples of constitutional or legal provisions of other fully democratic countries in order to demonstrate universal justice. §7.8.1 The Prosecution should evaluate the Parliament to establish a comprehensive database of the latest global regulations, so that people can access the Internet at any time and any place, master their own future, and put together a nation of truth, goodness, beauty and holiness. §7.8.3 International responsibility. The state should prepare a budget to promote universal reviews of the unity concept, and to establish a great cause for [Taiwan], great love for the earth, great laws for the world, and great unity for all nations. §7.10.5 Adapting the Constitution of permanent peace is the absolute law inherent in the people, and any law against it is ineffective.
§8.1.1 We recognize one world under the judiciary of one international court of law, confirming that national judicial systems are executive bodies empowered by the international judicial organization . This affirms the globalization of the judiciary and consolidation of a legal system that protects human rights and ensures peaceful rule of law. This is a duty that no state may change or shirk. §8.1.2 Global co-opetition in judiciary matters . With the exception of cases and trials where jurisdiction belongs to the global international court, our nation shall exercise independent judicial powers. §8.4.1 The Super-National Constitutional Court shall consist of 18 judges and one Justice of Constitutional Court (the popularly elected head of the Judicial Branch). Nine of the 18 shall be locally-born and serve a term of nine years , with no distinction as to session or number of times. They are not allowed to serve on the court again for four years after their term ends, with the exception of the Justice of Constitutional Court position through being elected head of the Judicial Branch; the remaining nine judges shall come from other lands. Foreign-born judges shall enjoy lifetime tenure and immunity. §8.4.2 The Justices of Constitutional Court of the Supra-National Constitutional Court shall be appointed by the Parliament, choosing from 5 persons nominated by the President, 3 of whom are foreign nationals; 5 persons nominated by the Prime Minister, 2 of whom are foreign nationals; 4 nominated by the Head of the Judicial Branch, 2 of whom are foreign nationals; and 4 persons nominated by the Prosecutor General, 2 of whom are foreign nationals . §8.5.1 As the leader in the system of One World under One Set of Laws, [Taiwan] shall be the first to apply international law in domestic courts , ensuring that all citizens are subject to international law and have full international status and dignity. §8.6.1 As the leader in the system of One World under One Set of Laws, [Taiwan] shall change the "+ addition law” system arbitrarily imposed by the leaders of various countries in the world where the adoption the international law and fair laws of other nations is decided by the executors. The “- subtraction law” system should be promoted to provide the people the right to choose and adopt any law, while the executors are obliged for the decision of the adoption according to the law. §8.10.1 Model of Justice: The Charter guarantees that [Taiwan] will become a holy place for justice. Every citizen shall be a sacred angel for justice and the embodiment of righteousness. The Supra-National Constitutional Court guarantees universal justice and ensures that the system will be responsive. §8.10.2 International Responsibility: Promoting justice for all nations, and reforming every place into a judicial holy place is the basic and permanent national policy of the state. The state shall prepare a budget to support this international duty. §8.10.3 Achieving Justice: The judicial system is the last line of defense for justice. Justice should not only be achieved in a timely manner, but should be presented in visible way. Above the entrance to each courtroom the words "Everyone is equal under the law" should be engraved, to show that the spirit of "judicial fairness" will never die.
Chart compiled by PPP. Website: https://www.lawlove.org/en/

Appendix Chart 33: Comparison of Global Constitutional Systems
Nation	Form of government	Type of government
Afghanistan	Republic	Presidential system
Albania	Republic	Parliamentary system
Algeria	Republic	Semi-presidentialism
Andorra	Monarchy	Constitutional monarchy
Angola	Republic	Presidential system
Antigua and Barbuda	Monarchy	Constitutional monarchy, Westminster system
Argentina	Republic	Presidential system
Armenia	Republic	Semi-presidentialism
Australia	Monarchy	Constitutional monarchy, Westminster system
Austria	Republic	Parliamentary system
Azerbaijan	Republic	Presidential system
Bahamas	Monarchy	Constitutional monarchy、Westminster system
Bahrain	Monarchy	Absolute monarchy
Bangladesh	Republic	Westminster system
Barbados	Monarchy	Constitutional monarchy, Westminster system
Belarus	Republic	Presidential system
Belgium	Monarchy	Constitutional monarchy, Parliamentary system
Belize	Monarchy	Constitutional monarchy, Westminster system
Benin	Republic	Presidential system
Bhutan	Monarchy	Constitutional monarchy
Bolivia	Republic	Presidential system
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Republic	Parliamentary system
Botswana	Republic	Parliamentary system
Brazil	Republic	Presidential system
Britain	Monarchy	Constitutional monarchy, Westminster system
Brunei	Monarchy	Absolute monarchy
Bulgaria	Republic	Parliamentary system
Burkina Faso	Republic	Semi-presidentialism
Burundi	Republic	Presidential system
Cambodia	Monarchy	Constitutional monarchy
Cameroon	Republic	Presidential system
Canada	Monarchy	Constitutional monarchy, Westminster system
Cape Verde	Republic	Semi-presidentialism
Central African Republic	Republic	Presidential system
Chad	Republic	Presidential system
Chile	Republic	Presidential system
China	Republic	Democratic centralism
Colombia	Republic	Presidential system
Comoros	Republic	Presidential system
Congo Republic	Republic	Presidential system
Costa Rica	Republic	Presidential system
Croatia	Republic	Parliamentary system
Cuba	Republic	Communism
Cyprus	Republic	Presidential system
Czech Republic	Republic	Parliamentary system
Democratic Republic of Congo	Republic	Semi-presidentialism
Denmark	Monarchy	Constitutional monarchy, Parliamentary system
Djibouti	Republic	Semi-presidentialism
Dominica	Republic	Westminster system
Dominican Republic	Republic	Presidential system
East Timor	Republic	Semi-presidentialism
Ecuador	Republic	Presidential system
Egypt	Republic	Semi-presidentialism
El Salvador	Republic	Presidential system
Equatorial Guinea	Republic	Presidential system
Eritrea	Republic	Parliamentary system
Estonia	Republic	Parliamentary system
Eswatini	Monarchy	Absolute monarchy
Ethiopia	Republic	Parliamentary system
EU	/	/
Fiji	Republic	Parliamentary system
Finland	Republic	Parliamentary system
France	Republic	Semi-presidentialism
Gabon	Republic	Presidential system
Gambia	Republic	Presidential system
Georgia	Republic	Semi-presidentialism
Germany	Republic	Parliamentary system
Ghana	Republic	Presidential system
Greece	Republic	Parliamentary system
Grenada	Monarchy	Constitutional monarchy, Westminster system
Guatemala	Republic	Presidential system
Guinea	Republic	Presidential system
Guinea-Bissau	Republic	Semi-presidentialism
Guyana	Republic	Semi-presidentialism
Haiti	Republic	Semi-presidentialism
Honduras	Republic	Presidential system
Hungary	Republic	Parliamentary system
Iceland	Republic	Parliamentary system
India	Republic	Westminster system
Indonesia	Republic	Presidential system
Iran	Republic	Parliamentary system
Iraq	Republic	Parliamentary system
Ireland	Republic	Westminster system
Israel	Republic	Westminster system
Italy	Republic	Parliamentary system
Ivory Coast	Republic	Semi-presidentialism
Jamaica	Monarchy	Constitutional monarchy, Westminster system
Japan	Monarchy	Constitutional monarchy, Parliamentary system
Jordan	Monarchy	Absolute monarchy
Kazakhstan	Republic	Presidential system
Kenya	Republic	Presidential system
Kiribati	Republic	Parliamentary system
Kuwait	Monarchy	Absolute monarchy
Kyrgyzstan	Republic	Parliamentary system
Laos	Republic	Parliamentary system
Latvia	Republic	Parliamentary system
Lebanon	Republic	Parliamentary system
Lesotho	Monarchy	Constitutional monarchy
Liberia	Republic	Presidential system
Libya	Republic	Parliamentary system
Liechtenstein	Monarchy	Constitutional monarchy
Lithuania	Republic	Parliamentary system
Luxembourg	Monarchy	Constitutional monarchy, Parliamentary system
Macedonia	Republic	Parliamentary system
Madagascar	Republic	Semi-presidentialism
Malawi	Republic	Presidential system
Malaysia	Monarchy	Constitutional monarchy、Westminster system
Maldives	Republic	Presidential system
Mali	Republic	Semi-presidentialism
Malta	Republic	Westminster system
Marshall Islands	Republic	Parliamentary system
Mauritania	Republic	Semi-presidentialism
Mauritius	Republic	Westminster system
Mexico	Republic	Presidential system
Micronesia	Republic	Parliamentary system
Moldova	Republic	Parliamentary system
Monaco	Monarchy	Constitutional monarchy
Mongolia	Republic	Parliamentary system
Montenegro	Republic	Parliamentary system
Morocco	Monarchy	Constitutional monarchy
Mozambique	Republic	Presidential system
Myanmar	Republic	Presidential system
Namibia	Republic	Presidential system
Nauru	Republic	Westminster system
Nepal	Republic	Parliamentary system
Netherlands	Monarchy	Constitutional monarchy, Parliamentary system
New Zealand	Monarchy	Constitutional monarchy、Westminster system
Nicaragua	Republic	Presidential system
Niger	Republic	Presidential system
Nigeria	Republic	Presidential system
North Korea	Republic	Democratic centralism
Norway	Monarchy	Constitutional monarchy, Parliamentary system
Oman	Monarchy	Absolute monarchy
Pakistan	Republic	Westminster system
Palau	Republic	Presidential system
Panama	Republic	Presidential system
Papua New Guinea	Monarchy	Constitutional monarchy, Westminster system
Paraguay	Republic	Presidential system
Peru	Republic	Presidential system
Philippines	Republic	Presidential system
Poland	Republic	Parliamentary system
Portugal	Republic	Semi-presidentialism
Qatar	Monarchy	Absolute monarchy
Romania	Republic	Semi-presidentialism
Russia	Republic	Semi-presidentialism
Rwanda	Republic	Presidential system
Samoa	Republic	Parliamentary system
San Marino	Republic	Parliamentary system
Sao Tome and Principe	Republic	Semi-presidentialism
Saudi Arabia	Monarchy	Absolute monarchy
Senegal	Republic	Semi-presidentialism
Serbia	Republic	Parliamentary system
Seychelles	Republic	Presidential system
Sierra Leone	Republic	Presidential system
Singapore	Republic	Westminster system
Slovakia	Republic	Parliamentary system
Slovenia	Republic	Parliamentary system
Somalia	Republic	Parliamentary system
South Africa	Republic	Parliamentary system
South Korea	Republic	Presidential system
South Sudan	Republic	Presidential system
Spain	Monarchy	Constitutional monarchy, Parliamentary system
Sri Lanka	Republic	Semi-presidentialism
St Christopher and Nevis	Monarchy	Constitutional monarchy, Westminster system
St Lucia	Monarchy	Constitutional monarchy, Westminster system
St Vincent and Grenadines	Monarchy	Constitutional monarchy, Westminster system
Sudan	Republic	Presidential system
Suriname	Republic	Parliamentary system
Sweden	Monarchy	Constitutional monarchy, Parliamentary system
Switzerland	Republic	Directorial system
Syria	Republic	Semi-presidentialism
Taiwan	Republic	Semi-presidentialism
Tajikistan	Republic	Semi-presidentialism
Tanzania	Republic	Presidential system
Thailand	Monarchy	Constitutional monarchy
the United States	Republic	Presidential system
Togo	Republic	Presidential system
Tonga	Monarchy	Constitutional monarchy
Trinidad and Tobago	Republic	Westminster system
Tunisia	Republic	Semi-presidentialism
Turkey	Republic	Parliamentary system
Turkmenistan	Republic	Presidential system
Tuvalu	Monarchy	Constitutional monarchy,Westminster system
Uganda	Republic	Presidential system
Ukraine	Republic	Semi-presidentialism
United Arab Emirates	Monarchy	Absolute monarchy
Uruguay	Republic	Presidential system
Uzbekistan	Republic	Presidential system
Vanuatu	Republic	Westminster system
Vatican City	Theocracy	Absolute monarchy
Venezuela	Republic	Presidential system
Vietnam	Republic	Democratic centralism
Yemen	Republic	Presidential system
Zambia	Republic	Presidential system
Zimbabwe	Republic	Presidential system
Chart compiled by PPP. Website: https://www.lawlove.org/en/